The Reasons Why Firms Want to Use Earning Management

Good afternoon everyone, today we are going to continue to talk about the consequence of Earning Management, I am xxx We will present the bad side of earning management through 2 cases, The first one is Enron: what happened and what we can learn from it and the second one is the ethical dilemma at Northlake. Both cases are present how management is motived to manipulate accounting numbers to achieve their specific purpose, for example in the first case, Enron increased their net income through many methods to rise their share price, but in the second case, the company decreased their net income.However, both earning management comes with the bad consequences happened to the society. Next, we are going to see another example which is how management is motived to manipulate accounting number to reduce or underprovide for environment and restoration costs. As a result, there cause some ethical issue. First let us go through the Background information: (A. F. P. Company). It is in the Pu lp and Paper industry. The company had three major mills, located in some of the more remote location in the province. From A. F. P.Company’s standpoint, of course they do not want to expend too much money on the discharge of waste water from pulp and paper mills; furthermore, the firm had been facing difficult financial times due to recession, and this had caused substantial hardship in the three small communities where the mills were located. But, as in the Pulp and Paper industry has the responsibility to the new government proposals to put effluent controls on the discharge of waste water from Paper mills in environmentally sensitive regions of the province. Therefore, the managers in the (A.F. P. Company) find a way to give themselves a reasonable reason not to install the cleaning equipment. CEO and V. P. of A. F. P. collude together to use earning management to increase their cost on the financial analysis. in the financial report, they states that â€Å"we will have severe financial problems if we are forced into building a lagoon for waste water treatment†, in order to show their fake severe financial problem going to happen, they highly estimate their operating cost would rise 30%, but in fact their cost only can be rise around 8%-10%).And they also highly estimated all other costs. In addition, they don’t take into account the damage to the local river at all. The people live in the downstream are still drinking the garbage or damaged water In this case, let us put all the legal issues behind, and focus on the ethical issue first. As the case mentioned the down totally dependent on the mill for economic survival. It is kind of like Blackberry in Waterloo.As the mills goes, so goes the town. And will thousands of people lost their jobs, if put you in the position to decide between the economic survival or environment damage, how will you decide? If you in the position of A. P. F’s accountant how do you decide between your personal benefits and code of professional code? Let’s say, if you do not use earning management to increase the cost, you will force to lose your job by the CEO.

Deception Point Page 81

â€Å"As you know,† the CIA director went on, his tone sharpening, â€Å"all U.S. government entities who deal with sensitive intelligence information are governed by strict rules of secrecy-military, CIA, NSA, NRO-all of them must abide by stringent laws regarding the concealment of the data they glean and the technologies they develop. I ask you all, yet again, why NASA-the agency currently producing the largest portion of cutting-edge aerospace, imaging, flight, software, reconnaissance, and telecom technologies used by the military and intelligence community-exists outside this umbrella of secrecy.† The President heaved a weighty sigh. The proposal was clear. Restructure NASA to become part of the U.S. military intelligence community. Although similar restructurings had happened with other agencies in the past, Herney refused to entertain the idea of placing NASA under the auspices of the Pentagon, the CIA, the NRO, or any other military directive. The National Security Council was starting to splinter on the issue, many siding with the intelligence community. Lawrence Ekstrom never looked pleased at these meetings, and this was no exception. He shot an acrimonious glare toward the CIA director. â€Å"At the risk of repeating myself, sir, the technologies NASA develops are for nonmilitary, academic applications. If your intelligence community wants to turn one of our space telescopes around and look at China, that's your choice.† The CIA director looked like he was about to boil over. Pickering caught his eye and stepped in. â€Å"Larry,† he said, careful to keep an even tone, â€Å"every year NASA kneels before Congress and begs for money. You're running operations with too little funding, and you're paying the price in failed missions. If we incorporate NASA into the intelligence community, NASA will no longer need to ask Congress for help. You would be funded by the black budget at significantly higher levels. It's a win-win. NASA will have the money it needs to run itself properly, and the intelligence community will have peace of mind that NASA technologies are protected.† Ekstrom shook his head. â€Å"On principle, I cannot endorse painting NASA with that brush. NASA is about space science; we have nothing to do with national security.† The CIA director stood up, something never done when the President was seated. Nobody stopped him. He glared down at the administrator of NASA. â€Å"Are you telling me you think science has nothing to do with national security? Larry, they are synonymous, for God's sake! It is only this country's scientific and technological edge that keeps us secure, and whether we like it or not, NASA is playing a bigger and bigger part in developing those technologies. Unfortunately, your agency leaks like a sieve and has proven time and again that its security is a liability!† The room fell silent. Now the administrator of NASA stood up and locked eyes with his attacker. â€Å"So you suggest locking twenty thousand NASA scientists in airtight military labs and making them work for you? Do you really think NASA's newest space telescopes would have been conceived had it not been for our scientists' personal desire to see deeper into space? NASA makes astonishing breakthroughs for one reason only-our employees want to understand the cosmos more deeply. They are a community of dreamers who grew up staring at starry skies and asking themselves what was up there. Passion and curiosity are what drive NASA's innovation, not the promise of military superiority.† Pickering cleared his throat, speaking softly, trying to lower the temperatures around the table. â€Å"Larry, I'm certain the director is not talking about recruiting NASA scientists to build military satellites. Your NASA mission statement would not change. NASA would carry on business as usual, except you would have increased funding and increased security.† Pickering turned now to the President. â€Å"Security is expensive. Everyone in this room certainly realizes that NASA's security leaks are a result of underfunding. NASA has to toot its own horn, cut corners on security measures, run joint projects with other countries so they can share the price tag. I am proposing that NASA remain the superb, scientific, nonmilitary entity it currently is, but with a bigger budget, and some discretion.† Several members of the security council nodded in quiet agreement. President Herney stood slowly, staring directly at William Pickering, clearly not at all amused with the way Pickering had just taken over. â€Å"Bill, let me ask you this: NASA is hoping to go to Mars in the next decade. How will the intelligence community feel about spending a hefty portion of the black budget running a mission to Mars-a mission that has no immediate national security benefits?† â€Å"NASA will be able to do as they please.† â€Å"Bullshit,† Herney replied flatly. Everyone's eyes shot up. President Herney seldom used profanity. â€Å"If there is one thing I've learned as president,† Herney declared, â€Å"it's that those who control the dollars control the direction. I refuse to put NASA's purse strings in the hands of those who do not share the objectives for which the agency was founded. I can only imagine how much pure science would get done with the military deciding which NASA missions are viable.† Herney's eyes scanned the room. Slowly, purposefully, he returned his rigid gaze to William Pickering. â€Å"Bill,† Herney sighed, â€Å"your displeasure that NASA is engaged in joint projects with foreign space agencies is painfully shortsighted. At least someone is working constructively with the Chinese and Russians. Peace on this planet will not be forged by military strength. It will be forged by those who come together despite their governments' differences. If you ask me, NASA's joint missions do more to promote national security than any billion-dollar spy satellite, and with a hell of a lot better hope for the future.† Pickering felt an anger welling deep within him. How dare a politician talk down to me this way! Herney's idealism played fine in a boardroom, but in the real world, it got people killed. â€Å"Bill,† Marjorie Tench interrupted, as if sensing Pickering was about to explode, â€Å"we know you lost a child. We know this is a personal issue for you.† Pickering heard nothing but condescension in her tone. â€Å"But please remember,† Tench said, â€Å"that the White House is currently holding back a floodgate of investors who want us to open space to the private sector. If you ask me, for all its mistakes, NASA has been one hell of a friend to the intel community. You all might just want to count your blessings.† A rumble strip on the shoulder of the highway jolted Pickering's mind back to the present. His exit was coming up. As he approached the exit for D.C., he passed a bloody deer lying dead by the side of the road. He felt an odd hesitation†¦ but he kept driving. He had a rendezvous to keep. 96 The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial is one of the largest memorials in the nation. With a park, waterfalls, statuary, alcoves, and basin, the memorial is divided into four outdoor galleries, one for each of FDR's terms in office. A mile from the memorial, a lone Kiowa Warrior coasted in, high over the city, its running lights dimmed. In a town boasting as many VIPs and media crews as D.C., helicopters in the skies were as common as birds flying south. Delta-One knew that as long as he stayed well outside what was known as â€Å"the dome†-a bubble of protected airspace around the White House-he should draw little attention. They would not be here long. The Kiowa was at twenty-one hundred feet when it slowed adjacent to, but not directly over, the darkened FDR Memorial. Delta-One hovered, checking his position. He looked to his left, where Delta-Two was manning the night vision telescopic viewing system. The video feed showed a greenish image of the entry drive of the memorial. The area was deserted.

Political Ideologies in Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political Ideologies in Conflict - Essay Example Socialism’s key theme is based on the community’s power, instead of individual effort (Alesina & Rodrik 465). On the other hand, equality denotes the creation of a society that is fairer and everyone is a participant and is accorded an opportunity to realize their potential. Equality aims at getting rid of discrimination and prejudice so as to offer fair, diverse and personal services to the society (Alesina & Rodrik 471). It aims at eliminating discrimination based on gender, age, religion, race and ethnicity. Ideology entails a set of ideas reflecting a nation’s, people’s or society’s beliefs. This paper will discuss the role of equality in socialist ideology. Socialism and equality are inseparable. Early socialism (also known as Utopian socialism) criticized the capitalist society, condemning it and pushing for its destruction (Nozick 16). It struggled to make the rich realize the immorality caused by exploitation. The desire for a new system and order contained the emergent factors of socialist ideas and represented the reaction of the working masses’ wishes of emancipation and, concurrently, their political and ideological powerlessness. Over many years, socialist ideologists tried to authenticate the ideal of a fair society with no exploitation and class oppression (Giacomo & Gruner 90). They advocated for equality. In socialism, equality is addressed in four forms; economic, foundational, formal and equality of opportunity (Blanchflower & Freeman 439). Foundational equality addresses the fact that God created all people as equal human beings. This is further explained to clarify that not all have the same abilities and talents , rather, because of the common humanity, their moral worth is equal (Alesina & Rodrik 479). Formal equality addresses the aspect of citizens and the law. It provides that State institutions are obliged to accord its citizens equal treatment, and that the institutions should themselves remain subject to the law as a way of defence against possible dictatorship of the State. Equality of opportunity fights discrimination in education, employment, housing or social services because of race, colour or sex (Giacomo & Gruner 84). Finally, economic equality intends to eliminate disproportions in the distribution of wealth, income disparities, and the gap between the poor and the rich (Blanchflower & Freeman 440). Socialists view social inequality as a disproportion of economic advantages within a society (Giacomo & Gruner 86). They believe humans must be accorded equal opportunity to prosper in the society. However, humans are not treated equally in all senses. To this end, socialists decl are inequality an evil that should be eliminated. In particular, wealth inequality is so evil among socialists that it justifies the forceful repossession from those who have it in abundance for fairer redistribution to the poor (Blanchflower & Freeman 446). Socialism is outstanding for its sustenance for social equality. Parliamentary socialists approved equality of opportunity as a substitute to equality of outcome because it signifies an unassuming level of outcome through the redeployment of wealth (Alesina & Rodrik 481). They base their support for equality on several factors. They argue that it is a more significant variety of equality than equal opportunities or formal

Supply Chain Management. Green Supply Chain Essay

Supply Chain Management. Green Supply Chain - Essay Example quirements are changing (economy, customers demand, competition, legal regulations etc.), this affects companies’ internal and external processes as well as they need to increase attention to their Environmental Management (EM) and to create environmentally friendly strategies for the green supply chain. In other words, green supply chain is a growing trend among companies worldwide as part of their customer responsibility effort to weave environmentally sound practices into their business operations (Barnett 2011). The main factors leading to the green supply chain are the following: 1. The most obvious factor is environmental concern, the details include: CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) Emissions. Companies are reducing their carbon footprint to the effort of mitigating pollution with the ultimate objective of keeping carbon emissions within the regenerative capacity of ecosphere. This is aligned in the consideration of the growing number of customers who are now conscious of the envir onmental practice of business enterprise, coupled with the benefit that effective green supply chain management can, in fact, increase operational efficiency and reduce operational cost that made green supply chain a business imperative (Zhu, 2012). Oil Spills (Pollution), Land Degradation and Energy include other environmental factors of concern. 2. The second factor is: Green Product Demand Accenture Company did a survey of 250 senior executives in 8 foreign markets in such countries as US, Germany, UK, France, China, Brazil and India. The figure below shows that the most important reason for a company to use a sustainable supply chain is caused by the customers’ expectations. Table1. Factors leading to Green Supply Chain (Accenture Consultancy, 2012). 3. Costs For example in 2009, Coca Cola...It provides eco-efficiency by distributing goods with reduced consumption of materials, thus, helping in maintaining the environment. Some food products require temperature managed en vironments for various types of food ingredients and require separate supply. MOS Burger, a Japan-based burger chain, has employed such trucks that have three temperature belts to attend to varied freezing, refrigeration and normal...

Behavirol and Socail Sciences on Sex Offenders Essay

Behavirol and Socail Sciences on Sex Offenders - Essay Example It is difficult to predict the occurrence of sex offenders in our localities. However, some precautions are to be taken for minimizing their negative effect. In USA, the sex offenders who are convicted for their crime record are restricted to some places after their release from Jail. They are generally kept away from the school premises and day care centers for ensuring the safety of children and patients. Unfortunately, the number and frequency of sex offenders has been on rising trend in the recent years. This is not a healthy trend. There are several reasons or factors that contribute to the development of behavioral changes in sex offenders (Carla Van Dam, 2001). For successful management of these sex offenders one has to thoroughly understand the types of sex offenders and their behavioral trends in society in general and USA in particular. Keeping this in mind, the present study is being undertaken to assess the present scenario of sex offenders in USA, main causes of nature o f sex offenders and their management techniques. The present study has reviewed some studies undertaken on sex offenders in USA and other parts of the world. In this process, different research studies on factors affecting the sex offenders were analysed. The behavioral changes among sex offenders were identified and prioritized based on the extent. At last the management techniques for reducing the problem of sex offenders were chalked out leading to a meaningful conclusion. It was reported by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children that approximately 100,000 sex offenders in USA are not living in the places of their registration, which is not an encouraging trend (Abby Goodnough and Monica Davey, 2009). Hence, efforts must be made to identify the floating population of sex offenders so that the negative effects caused by them can be minimized. This also throws a light

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14

Assignment - Essay Example Arbitration, collaborative and mediation are the three methods of alternative conflict resolution (Law info web). These methods are applied to settle various business conflicts depending on their suitability. Mediation involves the use of an independent mediator. The mediator mediates the different parties involved in the conflict by providing a solution that is appropriate to the concerned parties. The successful negotiations in 1997 between the World Bank and the mining sector serve as a good illustration of the usefulness of mediation as a method of dispute resolution. This case involved the World Bank and the mining industry with the delays in disbursement of funds being their main conflict. In this conflict, the Ukraine Mediation Group (UMG) acted as the mediator between the two parties. With UMG’s mediation, the two parties settled for the restructuring of the mining industry as a fundamental solution to their problem. Periodical disbursement of the disputed funds was also part of the solution. This case gives an example of how mediation can be applied to resolve business conflicts effectively. Arbitration is the second important method of alterative conflict resolution. In this method, parties involved in a conflict agree to do or not do something voluntarily (Jaffe and Stamato 16). Similar to mediation arbitration require the presence of an impartial party or person to stand between the parties involved in the conflict. Arbitration has often been regarded as the most appropriate method of resolving business conflicts in relation to the speed of finding a working solution. Unlike the previous form of conflict resolution, arbitrations may take place even before the actual conflict occurs. Signing of an employment contract is an example of arbitration between an employer and an employee. In this arbitration, the employer and the potential employee agree on their working condition and define their

How Russia Viewed the Bush Presidency Term Paper

How Russia Viewed the Bush Presidency - Term Paper Example ning that main criterion in assessing the situation in Iraq should be the weapons inspectors findings, which must be presented to the United Nations Security Council. Russia, along with France and China, believed that the U.N. Resolution 1441 that created a new tough inspections regime, would be necessary for the United Russia had joined the coalition against terror, promising to share intelligence and offering political support to the US president. President Putin promised to increase the supply of weapons to the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan. Russia had supplied the Northern Alliance with arms to be used in Afghanistan against Taliban. He also offered to open Russian airspace to US airplanes for humanitarian flights, and to participate in search and rescue operations. When the leaders of the Central Asian States offered bases to the coalition for the attack against Afghanistan, Putin announced that he had approved the offer. However, it is important that there were vast differences between the two countries in their perception of terrorism. In Russia the origins of the terrorist threat lay in the weakness of the state. Political instability, poverty and inequality in Russia in the 1990s provided a fertile climate for radical groups to attract followers and for foreign Islamic networks to penetrate the country. Russia and the United States are also dealing with different enemies. The United States’ chief enemy in the war against terrorism is al-Qaeda. In Russia, however, the terrorist threat originates primarily in Chechnya. Russia seemed to get very little benefit from its cooperation with the coalition against terrorism. As a realist and a pragmatist, Putin understood that Russia would become irrelevant if it did not cooperate in the coalition against terrorism, but he also believed that knowledge of the difficulties of fighting in Afghanistan, the intelligence that Russia had been gathering and its relationship with the Northern Alliance were assets

SD # 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SD # 2 - Essay Example An image of a product is a very effective communication tool that makes lasting impressions among the viewers. In one way or the other, the customers are likely to respond to the market offering which shows that they have developed interest in the product. This enhances marketing communication between the marketers and the targeted consumers. 2. It is better to post an image that conveys an emotional response rather than a simple advertisement since it is likely to influence the customers to respond positively. Such images appeal to the emotions of the customers such that they can act when they come across products that may be of interest to them. Essentially, the aim of marketing is to stimulate the interests of the targeted customers so that they can buy the products offered. This can be possible if the image is designed in such a way that it will appeal to the emotions of the consumers. In most cases, customer response to a particular offering is mainly influenced by their emotions towards it. Therefore, it is imperative to design the images of the products that will appeal to the interests of the customers such that they can make a decision to purchase them. Thus, an image that evokes memories helps to stimulate the interests of the customers and consequently help them to make decisions to purchase the products being sold. Simple advertisements may fail to appeal to the interests of the targeted customers. 3. Pinterest acts as a customer relationship management tool in that the marketers are in a position to interact with different people on a personal level due to the fact that the images pinned by people to their boards reflect personal interests. As such, the marketers and the consumers can exchange information about a particular product. The consumers for instance can constantly get feedback from the marketers and this helps to develop

Plan outline Essay Example for Free

Plan outline Essay The company The name of the company will be â€Å"Innovations†. It would be specializing in manufacturing and marketing of hand crafted products, which used to be in vogue before the industrial revolution, and are still existing in many parts of the world. It will be a proprietary ownership firm, with a relatively small capital investment. The initial range of products offered will be the craft products in bamboo, from India. Once strong in marketing of these products, the range will slowly extend to wood and metal crafts from India. The ultimate goal will be to enter the high price jewellery sector in gold, and gems. The company will have its head office in Chicago, USA and have an operating branch in India. The head office at Chicago will be responsible for marketing the products which are sourced from India, by the branch over there. The Indian leg will be operating under instructions from the Head office in Chicago, will be responsible for locating suitable sources and the logistics for the product range outlined by the management. The main strength of the company will be its innovative designs. The focus would be on developing new designs, continuously. This pool of talent will be supported by a very strong team which specializes in strong brand building. The ultimate goal of the management is to build strong brand image in the hand crafted products sector. Initially, the staff strength will be very limited, to keep low overheads. This will be instrumental in the growth of the company. Details: The company will enter the business with a low investment. To risk factor will always be low, and a reserve fund will always be maintained at a certain level. . The gestation period is estimated at 3 months. Money should start rolling by his time. The company is not taking any loans or there is no borrowing of any type, to start this business. In both the offices, stress will be laid on employing people whoa re aware of the local market conditions. The marketing staff in Chicago and the procuring staff inIndia, will not exceed 5 to begin with. The USA office will be supported by two experienced designers, who will concentrate on evolving new designs, which will be communicated to the craftsmen, through our India branch. The Indian will have one efficient manager, under whom the procuring and logistics staff will operate. The manager directly reports to the USA head office. On the expenses side, 25 percent of the capital will be utilized for procurement of the crafted products and its logistics, another 25 percent for the marketing research and the actual marketing efforts, another 25% for the running overheads of both the offices and the reserves will be never go below the level of the final 25%. The operating strategy of the company will be to use only 75% of the capital, and concentrate on fast rotation of money. The routine functions like legal, accounts and personnel will be carried out by hired professionals on contract basis. Expenses will not be limiting factor, to get the best of the innovative talents, in whichever way available. With a small beginning, the company is expected to grow as a leading firm in the USA, for crafted products.

Citric Acid Essay Example for Free

Citric Acid Essay Introduction Soft drinks contain acid and sugar. These substances contribute to tooth decay and therefore are a cause for concern. In the first part of the investigation well measure the acidity in blackcurrant juice. Labels on black currant juice drinks usually state citric acid is present in the drink, but it doesnt give you the amount of how much it contains. Dilutable soft drinks contain between 0. 15 2. 5% of citric acid research by The British Drinks Association and therefore the second part of the experiment would be to determine the concentrations of blackcurrant juice in the diluted samples. Investigation 1: Measure the acidity of the blackcurrant juice drink In order to measure the acidity of the blackcurrant juice, Ill titrate black current juice with 0. 1mol of sodium hydroxide and use a pH meter to measure its pH. Technique The technique of this experiment is titration. It is a method of chemical analysis, which is used to determine the volume of concentration needed to react with an unknown solution. Equipments needed for titration: Burette   Conical Flask   Clamp Technique of using titration method: The measurement on the burette (cm3) tells you how much solution you have poured into the substance. This is useful to find the amount of solution needed to balance with the substance. At the end of the burette, there is a small tap that allows you to control the amount of solution needed to pour into the substance. It is important to be accurate on the amount you want to put in. Therefore, right timing and quick reaction is the key skill to this experiment. There are two ways of measuring the pH: pH indicator and pH meter. pH Indicator: A pH indicator is a chemical compound. It shows the pH changes in the substance by changing its colour when added. Different indicators have different colour. They only change its colour when a certain pH is reached. pH meter: A pH meter is an electronic machine used to measure the pH in liquids. It has a special measuring probe called the glass electrode connected to the electronic meter. It will then measure and display the pH reading. Because the black current juice is darkly coloured, therefore pH indicator would not be the most suitable method for this experiment. Im going to use a pH meter for this experiment. The Science Many of the soft drinks contain acids. It is use to balance the sweetness of the sugar present in the drinks. Citric Acid is one of the most common acid uses in soft drinks. Soft drink Blackcurrant juice contains: Water, Sugar, Glucose Fructose Syrup (from wheat and maize), Blackcurrant Juice from Concentrate (4%), Citric Acid, Vitamin C, Preservatives (Sodium Benzoate, Sodium Bisulphate) and Colour (Anthocyanins) Citric Acid Citric Acid is an organic acid. We can find it from citrus fruits such as lemon and orange. It is added to soft drinks to create an acidic taste (sourness). Citric Acid also helps preserve drinks from micro-organism because of its acidity. Micro-organism can only grow and multiply in neutral condition. The reaction between Sodium Hydroxide and Citric acid: The following equation shows the reaction of whats happening during the neutralisation reaction between Citric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide: Citric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium citrate + Water C6H8O7 + 3NaOH C6H8O7Na3+ 3H2O From the equation above we have worked out 1 mole of citric acid reacts with 3 moles of sodium hydroxide (1:3 ratios). Graph Demonstration. Strong and Weak Acids Acids are vary in strength. The strength of an acid is based on the number of Hydrogen ions in the atom. Strong acids: Strong acids have a strong proclivity to donate Hydrogen+ ions. All of the strong acids such as hydrochloric acid, Sulphric acid and Nitric acid are all 100% ionised in water. This mean all the strong acid would dissolve the reaction is fully complete and no unreacted substance remains in the solution. Weak acids: Weak acids have a weak tendency to donate Hydrogen+ ions. The donation of hydrogen+ ions does not dissociate completely.

Literature Review of Research Aims and Objectives

Literature Review of Research Aims and Objectives Organizational change is a broad term which can be explained by both content and process. For better understanding of this term both of its components should be considered. Both process and content can be independent or dependent, it depends upon the nature of change and scenario of change .Most of the researches focus on only one component. To understand organizational change a better understanding of organizational approach is necessary which is employed to bring about change. Following is a literature review of some articles, cases and research papers related to organizational change; David Chaudron. (2003). Assessing and improving your organization, It states that to assess whether an organization really need organizational change or not, an organization need to undergo four stages. These of four stages are, get started, assess problem and identify cause, choose treatment and periodically evaluate. For bringing successful change it is very important to identify problem and solutions to that problem. In my research this article would help me because it would tell me how organizations come to know that they really need change and how this process of change is started and carried on. I would be better able to write on organizational change if I am aware of starting point of change. William P. Barnett. (1995). Modeling internal organization change, William talks about two theories of change. Adaptational and selectional mechanism of organizational change. Adaptional model states that Change occurs mainly through adaptive response of individual firms to prior change in technology, environment or whatever. He also talks about internal and external factors responsible for change. Organizations with this type of approach are more innovative and discovery driven. To save them self from being obsolete and outworn such organizations have a close eye on environment and successful environment scanning leads them to successful change. Second approach says organizations cannot change easily. Whenever they do change greater risks are entitled. This approach talks about resistance to change and hesitation of top management in bringing about change. Organizations following this approach are more conservative and do not anticipate change. Effort to bring change is only made wh en it is necessary to survive. For instance, technology change in market makes such organizations to change existing technology to remain competitive. Internal factors such as culture, organization politics force an organization to change while internal factors like competitors, suppliers and customers and legislation make an organization to change. These variables are very important for me because it would help me to base my research on these factors. These factors would guide me to understand type of change and factors involved in change. Booz, Allen, Hamilton. (2004). Overall approach to change management, It creates relation between logical and emotional approach to change, change team and change ladder. Integrating logical and emotional approach means that focus should not be only on process and structure of change, people factor should also be considered. For instance, in changing technology, if technological and structural aspect is considered only and behaviors of people are overlooked then it is very difficult to bring about this technological change. For better and successful change process task/system and people/teams both should be kept in mind. To minimize resistant to change, people should be convinced and shown incentives in upcoming change so that they could propose change for personal benefit that would lead to organizational benefit in long run. It also says that the team which is communicating change should be credible. Once top management has decided to bring change, now its up to change team that ho w affectively they communicate the positive change message to every stake holder of organization. Change ladder part of article talks about communicating change around the organization from top management to lower staff. The higher the ladder of change, the more chances of successful change are created. Jonathan Becker, Roy Gill, Susan Moy, Veena Seshasdri. (1989). Managing change. T his case study addresses different problems and difficulties in implementing change. It also gives recommendation that how to overcome resistance to change. This is more helpful for a student of change management because with theoretical knowledge it is also giving hint about practical knowledge. It says about a medical center which had to face many challenges when they decided to change processes and facilities but with great courage and decision making like training and better communication network helped them to implement change successfully. Henry Mint Berg, Francs Wesley. (1992). cycles of organization change, authors talk about two types of organization changes; change in state and change in direction. Change in state is concerned with culture, structure, system and people. While change in direction is concerned with vision, position, programs, facilities. It also talks about inductive and deductive changes. Change process starts with inductive change and then it reaches to deductive change. In inductive we need to change our vision, mission and goals while when it leads us to deductive changes it needs the change of organization like culture, system and people behavior and power hierarchy. This research paper also talks about different stages in life of an organization that lead an organization to stage of revolution. According to comprehensiveness model of change discussed in this research paper, Change starts as an incremental process like adding value to some process or product/service but it reaches to different s tages of comprehensiveness like incremental to isolate, isolated to focused, focused to piecemeal, in the end it becomes revolutionarily .The sequence of stages is as follow; stage of stability, stage of adaptation, stage of struggle and stage of revolution. This article has specific relevance with my research topic because it deals with all stages related to change in organizational life. To understand complete change process all stages need to be understood. J.T.Hage. (1999). organizational innovation and organizational change, It differentiates innovation from change. According to writer, innovation is an isolated process. It neither has long lasting impact on organization nor does change organization as a whole. It is like innovating a process or product. For innovation, you have to focus on single innovation but set of innovations lead to change when innovation is not centered upon a single process but centered upon organization as a whole. Most of the research students confuse innovation with change and use both terms interchangeably. In my research, this article is a good piece of information that helps to differentiate two most important concepts in change management topic. Craig Eric Schneier. (1994). The training and development source book, in which writer talks about organizational change and members behavior change. According to write the first step towards change is to develop appositive perception about change among all members of organization. One chapter of this book talks about organizational life cycle stages which are; setup, survival and change. Organization starts with Entrepreneurial stage and reaches to decline then reengineering stage starts it includes continuous improvement and involving employees to ensure change. This book also talks about different agents involved in change and reengineering, as mature organizations need to involve both internal and external agents both because internal agents like employees endorse change while external agents like customers perceive change. This chapter of source book is very important for me in this research because it talks about agents in change thats why this part of literature is very consis tent with my topic. Curtis M. Grimm, Ken J. Smith. ( 1991). Research notes and communication management and organizational change this article talks about characteristics of management that what type of managerial expertise can lead to successful change and ensure acceptance of change by all the agents involved in change process. Attributes included in this research were education, experience in related field and age. Results showed that managers who succeeded to bring change are young and dynamic since they are young their industry experience is less but still they are very successful in bringing about change. In education those managers with MBA degree are more likely to bring change in organization. This type of research paper is very much relevant to my topic because it assist me to understand relation between change and managerial characteristics and attitudes, it also help me to understand multi dimension field of change management. John Holt. (1989). Managing change in extension, explains some forces of change what make an organization to change. These forces include perspective, niche, competition, people and program. These forces can be elaborated as perspective of an organization can be the market leader in low cost products for that they may need to change organizations processes and work system. To create a niche for a new product they may need to change approach like from mass customization they may opt for full customization. For this very reason organization would need to change complete approach and perspective to cater a specific niche for their product. Because capitalizing on tomorrows niches will require system-wide cooperation, from university presidents to county agents. A shared sense of mission and a renewed sense of its importance are vital in improving teamwork, especially as diverse as these team members are. The competition is fierce and increasing for all our niches. That is as it should b e: education, that long term national treasure, is far too important to be left in the hands of a monopoly. Monopoly there is not; competition for extension education markets abounds. In commercial agriculture, there are consultants of all stripes; universities such as Harvard and Stan- ford conduct agribusiness seminars; input companies are entering management consulting by dangling the carrot of financing well- planned operations. Dr.Kathleen K. Reardon, Dr. Kevin J. Reardon, Dr. Alan J. Rowe. (1998). Leadership styles for the five stages of radical change. It talks about leadership style and change. Top level leadership is most important agent in organization change. This article explains different type of organizational leadership and results in enforcing change. These types are commanding, logical, inspirational and supportive. Commanding leader is directing and focuses on results thus this type of leaders brings changes rapidly. Logical leaders are innovative and they are very careful about change. They have a thoughtful process before undertaking any change. Inspirational leaders focus on opportunities so change is radical there is no guarantee for change. Supportive leaders are those who facilitate work and involve others thats why they are very slow in bringing about change. This article also talks about change phases and leadership style needed for each phase. Planning phase require logical while launc hing phase require commanding leadership. This article is very relevant to my topic because it talks about most important agent in change that is leader. Aims and objectives of Research: The research seeks to determine: description of variables explanation of relationship between different variables and factors broadening the knowledge of field evaluation and diagnosis of problem statement solution to problem

Electoral Process Essay -- Politics, Democracy, British Government

In most of the modern societies an electoral process is considered an important symbol of the democracy that represents the concept of freedom of choice and fairness. The UK coalition government is now facing the need to reform the process by choosing between FPTP system and AV. As the final decision can affect the whole society, it is necessary to carefully analyze advantages and disadvantages of both systems. FPTP allows a candidate to win by the majority of the votes. It is a straightforward system that requires comparatively simplified procedures. In addition, it usually provides stable and strong one-party government. Also, elected party usually governs effectively and carries on the manifesto promises. Another advantage is a good-organized constituency link between MPs and their constituents. They can easily contact their MP to have support (Coxall et al. 2003, Jones and Norton 2010). Finally, FPTP tent to limit extremist parties like fascist, racist and other â€Å"hate† parties, for example British National Party. However, there are several disadvantages that should be considered. The most important weakness and the major criticism of FPTP system is ‘wasted votes’ issue (Lowe et al. 2010, p.115). For instance, in 2005 the UK General Election 65% of overall votes was wasted (BBC news 2005). Each vote is significant as it affects final results. Moreover, wasted votes lead to depressed turnout. Less people are willing to vote as they think their votes are not counted or make no change because there is a constantly winning party called ‘Safe seat’. In the last election, for instance, many people wanted to vote for Liberal-Democrats party, ‘safe seats’ and wasted votes dissuaded them to do it (Lowe et al. 2010, Jones and Norton ... ...h, the problem of wasted votes and disproportional allocation become more serious year by year (P. Whiteley 2010). The statistics show that turn out in UK is increasing from 2001 year coming to the level of 65.1%. In addition, elections require huge spending from the government and parties (UK political Info 2010a, 2010b, Jones and Norton 2010). As UK government is currently facing a need to cut the budget up to 40%, AV is not a useful method (Pollwatch 2010, J. Bingham 2010). To sum up, AV system adoption is a quite controversial question. Although AV system is solving some problems of FPTP system and providing fairer conditions for candidates and electors, adoption of this system can be quite difficult for the UK Coalition Government in term of budget and time spent. In my opinion, it is better to remain current election system as careful analysis is required.

Oh the Possibilities! :: Teachers Teaching Education Essays

Oh the Possibilities! Whether we know it or not, throughout life many people mold and shape our lives. These are the people that make us who we are today. I am simply talking about one person in particular, a teacher. Teachers’ change lives every day without even sometimes realizing it. Erich Fromm said it best when he stated, â€Å"Education is helping the child realize his potentialities.† Knowing that I could have a positive effect on a child’s life is the main reason for my teaching career. In this paper, I will explain why I want to teach, my educational goals, and the philosophy that I will use during my teaching career. From my grade school years, I had always thought of being a pediatrician. Even during my senior year while filling out my college application, my major would be Pre-Med Biology. However, it was during that same year that I started teaching for the Wednesday night youth group at my church. Although it was very informal teaching, I knew that I had a knack for it. I also started teaching 5 ladies piano lessons during my senior year. One by one, they would tell me how wonderful I would be at teaching. But I will still very unsure about the whole idea. After that year of teaching, I knew that teaching was what I wanted to do for the rest of my life. Education plays a vital role in our society. Becoming a teacher is not a fashionable choice by our society, but it is crucial. Many people claim that the teaching profession doesn’t pay enough and are quickly unenthusiastic to enter the field. Is changing the life of one child at a time not enough? Another common misconception the public has about teaching is that bright people should enter another profession. When I finally decided that teaching was what I wanted to do with my life, I was told so many times that I needed to do something that would benefit my life. I was too smart to be a teacher. My reply was always, â€Å"Who taught the doctor the human anatomy?† Who taught the lawyer about the ways of the law? Oh the Possibilities! :: Teachers Teaching Education Essays Oh the Possibilities! Whether we know it or not, throughout life many people mold and shape our lives. These are the people that make us who we are today. I am simply talking about one person in particular, a teacher. Teachers’ change lives every day without even sometimes realizing it. Erich Fromm said it best when he stated, â€Å"Education is helping the child realize his potentialities.† Knowing that I could have a positive effect on a child’s life is the main reason for my teaching career. In this paper, I will explain why I want to teach, my educational goals, and the philosophy that I will use during my teaching career. From my grade school years, I had always thought of being a pediatrician. Even during my senior year while filling out my college application, my major would be Pre-Med Biology. However, it was during that same year that I started teaching for the Wednesday night youth group at my church. Although it was very informal teaching, I knew that I had a knack for it. I also started teaching 5 ladies piano lessons during my senior year. One by one, they would tell me how wonderful I would be at teaching. But I will still very unsure about the whole idea. After that year of teaching, I knew that teaching was what I wanted to do for the rest of my life. Education plays a vital role in our society. Becoming a teacher is not a fashionable choice by our society, but it is crucial. Many people claim that the teaching profession doesn’t pay enough and are quickly unenthusiastic to enter the field. Is changing the life of one child at a time not enough? Another common misconception the public has about teaching is that bright people should enter another profession. When I finally decided that teaching was what I wanted to do with my life, I was told so many times that I needed to do something that would benefit my life. I was too smart to be a teacher. My reply was always, â€Å"Who taught the doctor the human anatomy?† Who taught the lawyer about the ways of the law?

Reading response on Communication Essay

For any effective communication, there must be understanding between the parties involved. This will therefore depend on the medium used and consideration of the barriers to effective communication. Students depend on communication to learn and when it is effective and inclusive, they get opportunities to grow and learn. In education, parents who are magnetic involve themselves in finding opportunities for their children. This is by involving the community at large and the administration to get opportunities for their children(Henderson, 297). Other parents are not concerned, which leads to inequality between the different children. Other families plan a teacher visit to the family, which increases unity and communication. When a teacher, parent and a student have a close relationship, they facilitate ample communication that leads to growth and opportunities. Accordind to (Mediratta, 32), for one to create opportunities that leads to growth among children, there should be a link between the outside of the school and the culture in the school. This is because the teachers do not understand the base the children are coming from especially in boarding schools. The power issue of the teachers goes down when the parents and their children mingles freely with the children which increases communication avenues. Poor families lack even the basic needs which make their students lack concentration due to the stress of their homes. This leads to inequality in the opportunities to children from richer families. Creating a link between the families and the general community leads to expansion of the communication network which leads to opportunities and growth. This addresses structural inequality and enables student from poor families learn and have good health. According to WARREN, (15), translation of important information to languages that learners understands leads to effective communication. Those who understands the foreign language have added advantage to those who can not. A barrier to translation is money to pay the translators and some parents lack the time to opportunity talk. In opportunity talks, the issue of freedom when talking is an issue due to distrust among members in the society(Zehr, 8). Relationships that can be trusted spread opportunities and this is true with parents who create friendship with their children’s teachers as they create trust between them. This is different from the parents who can not create this relationshipthat lead to disadvantage on their students’ opportunities. Organizing and planning for events for the school with older people with children improves their skills and confidence. This boosts their opportunities and improves their communication prowess unlike those who do not involve themselves in such programs. References Henderson, T Anne, Johnson Vivian, Mapp Karen, and Davies Don. Selection from Beyond the Bake Sale: The Essential Guide to Family/School Partnerships. New York: The New Press, (2007): 296-301 Mediratta, Kavitha, Shah Seema, and McAlister Sara.Building Partnerships to Reinvent School Culture: Austin Interfaith. Providence, RI: Annenberg Institute for School Reform. Mark Warren, â€Å"Communities and Schools.†(2009):1-49. Print. WARREN, MARK. ‘Communities And Schools: A New View Of Urban Education Reform’. Harvard Educational Review 2.75 (2005): 1-40. Print. Zehr, M. A. Civil Rights Deal Signals Federal Push for Translation Services. Education Week, (2011): 30(3), 8-9. Source document

Solar Energy Facts

ASTOUNDING SOLAR ENERGY FACTS What is solar energy? People often think of solar energy as solar panels mounted on roofs in sunny neighborhoods. This is only part of solar energy (â€Å"Solar energy facts,†2012). Solar energy is the oldest energy source. Plants, animal and the microbial life have been using it as a principle energy source since the times of creation. It is in the form of heat and light. In the past years, people have tapped solar energy enabling it to be used at all times; including the nights, in all weather conditions, can be stored as well as be transferred.Solar energy can be defined as the technology used to exploit the sun’s power and make it usable. Solar energy facts * Solar energy makes life a reality. Through photosynthesis, plants absorb sunlight and provide food and oxygen which animals consume to live. Human bodies absorb solar energy this helps to regulate body temperature. Sunlight also provides vitamin D, which is necessary to human healt h. * Solar energy is an extremely clean energy source. It is environmentally healthier than traditionally fossil related forms of energy since it does not emit any known pollutants to the environment. The earth absorbs approximately 3. 85 million exajoules of energy from the sun. This is big compared to the earth’s use of about 56. 7 exajoules. The sun is the sole source of solar energy, believed to last for more than 5 billion years. This means solar energy is the most renewable and viable source of energy. * The practical use of solar energy is inexhaustible. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) proposed the concentrating solar principle, which a concave mirror directs rays to solar water heaters. Also upon launch, satellites and spacecrafts use solar energy as their main source. Solar energy is responsible for the weather and ocean currents. Majority of the thermal energy which is due to solar energy stored in the ocean. This means the transfer of energy on the earth’s sur face relates to the ocean-atmosphere. Utilization of solar energy * Solar thermal plants concentrate the sun’s energy as a heat source to boil water used to run steam powered turbines to generate electricity. * Solar panels using photovoltaic cells convert solar energy into electricity to light homes, though storage batteries may be needed. Solar energy can be used in war, as from Archimedes who by directing heat rays using mirrors burned down ships that had siege Syracuse. * Solar water heater utilizes solar energy to warm water for homes. Also by the use of heat absorbent surfaces, solar energy can be used to heat pools. * In food processing, solar energy presents a significant functionality in drying. In summary, solar energy is a renewable source of green energy and has a tremendous and endless industrial utilization.It is also vital to life and nature. This solar energy facts reveal that solar is the main green energy source at hand. References Solar Energy Information a nd Facts(2010). Retrieved from http://www. valopia. com/index. php/Solar/solar-energy-information-and-facts. html Solar Energy Facts. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. solarenergy-facts. org/ Solar power facts. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. solarpowerfacts. biz/ Wind Solar Projects. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. windsolarprojects. com/

Effectiveness of Time and Financial Management Essay

Chapter 1 I. Introduction A. General Statement to the Effectiveness of Time and Financial Management on selected scholars of Adamson University 1. Profile of the Selected Scholars B. Statement of the problem ( How can they cope up with the demands of their respective courses? C. Objectives of the study D. Relevance of the study E. Definition of terms Chapter 2 II. Survey of Related Literature A. Foreign studies 1. Working Students/Student Assistants 2. Scholars B. Local Studies 1. Working Students/Student Assistants 2. Scholars Chapter 3 III. Methods on how to measure effectiveness of time and financial management A. Results of Survey/Questionnaire to the Selected Scholars of Adamson University 1. Graphical Representation 2. Analysis of the results IV. Conclusion Chapter 3 Methods on how to measure Effectiveness of Time and Financial Management The researchers chose 7 different scholars to conduct a survey about the chosen topic. Most of the respondents came from student assistant’s category and the others came from the category of academic scholars. These scholars were given scholarships from Ozanam Study Grant Program and Megaworld Foundation. On the range of their ages, 17-22 years old were the students who were given an opportunity they wanted to have. The scholars being interviewed have a daily allowance of more or less 150 pesos. On the Graph 1.1 being shown below are some of the expenses of the following students. Graph 1.1 A little number of respondents said that they stay in boarding houses that cost them Php 1,600 to Php 1,700. Literally, the cost was being solved by their parents. 3 out of 7 students said that both of their parents are self-employed. 1 respondent said that his/her parents run a business and another corresponds to unemployed parents. The rest of the students match up on other answers like their father/mother neither is an overseas Filipino worker, a tricycle driver, a plain housewife nor was deceased. Researchers proceed to the monthly income of their parents in able to measure the financial background of each and every respondent. Graph 1.2 illustrates the possible monthly income of the parents of these learners. Graph 1.2 As you can see, there is an equality of 14,000 and lower and 15,000-20,000 income. It is based on the survey being conducted by the researchers and from the occupation of their parents. On the part of their financial management, they spent the biggest part of their allowance for their food (50%) followed by their transportation and some other expenses. This shows that food is very important especially for the scholars like them. Food is an essential and they must not ignore because of the responsibilities they have in the university. The primary reason of the pupils asked in preferring themselves in being a scholar of Adamson University is that because they wanted to help their parents in decreasing the expenses. In this reason, an individual can determine that financial or money matters are the first basis in order for them to have financial management. Other reasons are for them to gain independency. The effectiveness of financial management is measured by proper usage of money and thinking a creative way of using up money.  The researchers also find ways on evaluating time supervision of scholars. Because of a more number of student assistants being interviewed, most of their time is allotted on their duties. Here is Graph 1.3 that shows how long an ordinary scholar uses his /her time in the university. Graph 1.3 Take a look of the graph that has been illustrated by the researchers. Student D and F are academic scholars. According to the information gathered from the survey, these students are academic scholars. As academic scholars, their worlds are focused on studying. They usually spend time in resting, studying and even have a time for leisure. On the other hand, the remaining students (A, B , C and E) make use of their time in duties and offices. Equalizing time in each activity of a student like them is not easy to do. Like on the Graph 1.3, student assistants are divided in different opinions. Some of them were able to balance their time and others cannot. Same answer was derived by academic scholars. However, they also answered it depends on the situation. Situations are unpredictable and make equalization of time in different planned activities. Somehow, all of them have a time for rest and have a break after long hours from school. Lastly, as a scholar, grade is the most important or basis in acquiring scholarships. Grades of these scholars are not affected by activities being done in school. Therefore, these learners have a good strategic measures in managing their time and studies. Chapter 4 Conclusion Based on the presented and interpreted data above, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. That most of the scholars spend their money more on food  for it is an essential need. 2. That most of the scholars wanted to help their parents to reduce the number of expenses. 3. That most of the scholars allot their time to school by doing different duties but assures that grades of them will not be affected. Chapter 2 Survey of Related Literature

Alternative Fuels Essay

For decades, since modern transportation had been in existence vehicles engines have required fuel that has always been created with fossil fuels. The use of fossil fuels to create fuel has not been a major problem until recently. Recently the price of fuels created by fossil fuels has sprung and we are now just beginning to notice the effect it has on the environment. In fact, studies have shown that 1/4 of energy- related green house gasses are a direct result of transportation pollution1. In this essay, I will look into alternative fuels, which are not created using fossil fuels. Our dependence on fossil fuels had caused a global problem. Over the years, our environment had suffered in areas such as global warming, air quality deterioration and acid rain. Over the past 150 years, our use of fossil fuels has resulted in an increase of carbon dioxide of over twenty-five percent2. When combustion takes place, harmful gases are released into the air, which cause our air quality to worsen in condition. Some examples of fuels that are released are carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide. Different types of sulfur oxides and hydrocarbons are released from the combustion of these fossil fuels 2. When these gases are released into the environment, they cause smog and other signs of pollution. These are two major problems that are caused by burning fossil fuels. I will now look into a few alternative fuels that do not involve the burning of fossil fuels. I will look into each ones advantage and its limitations. Non- fossil fuels are clearly have their advantages to fossil fuels although they are not perfect. Fuels that are not made with fossil fuels are clearly better for the environment although many are not yet produced at a fast enough rate for normal use, are too expensive or do not allow you to get the same performance you get out of petrol, our current fuel of choice3. In this essay, I will look into hydrogen, ethanol and an interesting concept of using compressed air to power motor vehicles. I will start by outlining some of the positives and negatives aspects of Hydrogen. Hydrogen is a gas, recently it has been discovered to have a second purpose, which is a fuel. However, Hydrogen is not easily available in its uncombined state, it can only be found un- disturbed in our earth’s exosphere. Therefore, hydrogen must be manmade. Hydrogen is a very expensive fuel and is roughly ten times as much as petrol. Although this it is more environmentally friendly as its only byproduct is water, it is more efficient then petrol and over time the price will decrease with feature research4. Studies have been conducted on how it would be easier to transport and one main suggestion was to bond hydrogen with nitrogen to make ammonia, which could simply be transformed into a liquid for easy transport5. The second fuel that I will look into is ethanol. Ethanol is in the Bio- Fuels family and is made from very common materials such as corn6. Ethanol is the most well known and widely used alternate fuel in today’s market. Many countries have already implemented plans to start introducing ethanol into their cars. Brazil is a leading example where almost all cars and trucks run exclusively on ethanol7. An advantage to ethanol is that cars that have been built within the past five or so years should be compatible with ethanol. This eliminates the need to either buy a new car or retrofit your current existent car. In fact, countries such as Brazil the transformation had lead to gad stations adding separate stations for ethanol as seen in the picture to the right8. The third and final fuel I will be investigating is a new and in my mind upcoming idea, compressed air. Compressed air is new technolgly, which is still being researched. An air car looks great on paper but is harder to put this type of car into action than it looks, in fact, there are very few air cars that have been released to this date but many are in the late stages of development. An air car offers inexpensive prices and releases zero emissions into the air. In fact, a gallon of gas will likely be more expensive than a complete refill of air for your car as it will cost around $2.50 to refill the car with air9. The air will have to be stored in 300-liter tank that attaches to the bottom of your car. This option is the most eco- friendly alternant fuel that I have looked into in this essay. The fuels that I have looked into in this essay all look very promising, it is now just a matter of time before we begin to implement these alternative fuels into our various types of transportation. When I look over all these the one that stand out the most to me is hydrogen, when I look at it I am also able to see all the other uses as well and see the very little impact that it has on the environment. How I do believe that any of the three mentioned fuels would be a satisfactory answer to the fuel crisis we are facing today. Bibliography 1. Chalacuna. â€Å"Biofuels and Bio-Additives.† Green Fuel Power. 16 Oct. 2007. 1 Nov. 2007 . 2. Luhnow, David, and Geraldo Samor. â€Å"As Brazil Fills Up on Ethanol, It Weans Off Energy Imports.† WSJ/ Yale. 17 Jan. 2006. Yale Uni./ WSJ. 1 Nov. 2007 . 3. N/A. Brazil Has Run Cars on Alcohol for Decades. 2005. Somebodys Camara, Brazil. Wikipedia. Fuel Station. 1 Nov. 2008 . 4. N/a. â€Å"Myth: Alternative Fuels Will Come to the Rescue.† PTUA. 28 Sept. 2007. 1 Nov. 2007 . 5. N/a. â€Å"The Car That Runs on Air.† BBC News. 24 Oct. 2000. 1 Nov. 2007 . 6. N/a. â€Å"The Hiden Cost of Fossil Fuels.† UCS. 10 Aug. 2005. 1 Nov. 2007 . 7. N/a. â€Å"They Hydrogen Economy.† E. Jan.-Feb. 2003. 1 Nov. 2007 . 8. Various. â€Å"Ethanol Fuel.† Wikipedia. 1 Nov. 2007. 1 Nov. 2007 .

A Look At The Dualism Concept Between The Body And Soul As Depicted In Meditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes

A Look At The Dualism Concept Between The Body And Soul As Depicted In Meditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes Body and Soul Rene Descartes presents in his Meditations on First Philosophy the idea of dualism, the belief that the body and the soul exist separately from each other. Physical human bodies are composed of cells, tissue, blood, organs, skin, a brain and the like. From the brain, humans have thought. The mental capacity to think is what creates human personality and allows humans to reason and form ideas. The question of whether or not the body and soul are separated or not is a vital philosophical question, especially to Descartes as he grapples with meditation and the feeling that nothing is real or certain. This leads him to question his own existence and who he is. In this paper, I will argue against Descartes’s belief on dualism as the body requires the soul to live. The soul and body are tied together in order to grant humans the ability to exist, create goals to chase after and grow as individuals. The main argument is that the body and soul are individual forms. Descartes presents three main premises. The first premise of this argument begins with Descartes stating â€Å"if I convinced myself of something then I certainly existed†¦I am, I exist† (Descartes 110). This pertains to the soul and that if a human is capable of thought, they exist. Even if a person is unsure of their actual existence, it does not matter as long as they themselves believe they are alive and existing. This leads into the second premise where it is discussed whether humans are being deceived by God over their existence. Descartes argues that if even if God, or some creator, is deceiving us, if we think we exist we do. However, if God is the perfect creator of the universe it would makes sense that He gave his creation souls and a sound existence. The third premise describes the body and soul separately, showing how the two are different. Descartes labels the body as simply being our physical self, that has hands, feet and a solid figure. He writes how the soul has features like sense perception and the ability to fabricate thoughts. The body and soul are presented as being unique from each other, thus the concept of dualism is confirmed. These premises come together to shape the conclusion that confirm duality and that the body and soul are apart from one another. I agree with Descartes’s first premise on the grounds that if we think we exist, we do. It is impossible to definitively find out if everything is a faà §ade or if humans truly do exist in a real universe. But due to the fact that humans are alive and can think, it is presumed that humans do exist, at least to a certain extent. I also agree with his third premise on the body and soul being different. The soul is not something that is visible but rather an abstract concept used to describe what governs the body and allows humans to speak, think and act. However, I do not agree with his overall notion of duality. Descartes presents his argument without sufficient evidence but rather relies on his own opinion. Typically, a body without a soul cannot be called an existing being. The body might be alive but with no soul there is no person, no identity or personality. Similarly, without a physical body the soul cannot exist. If there is no body there is no person to speak of. Upon birth and death, the body and soul arrive and leave together, leading to the conclusion that they are linked together and rejecting dualism.

Enterprise Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enterprise Project - Essay Example Throughout the period of undertaking the project, I hope to learn several aspects from fellow colleagues. While in a leadership position, I wish to learn how to engage and empower people. Leadership by fear that arises from the traditional management system is flawed, and its productivity may be in doubt. I will also learn particular insights on how technology can influence the activities of the group. Finally, I will learn to embrace vulnerability through developing courage to be seen. I developed a major cash flow report for the group, which is very vital in tracking the fiscal progress of the enterprise. I have certain weaknesses of being a perfect debater who has a passion for work. I tend to question everything, and this slows down the execution processes. However, I have a particular skill to counter the weaknesses. I am a self-motivated, determined, success-oriented, and hardworking natural leader. The combination of these qualities may not make up a perfect profile, but they will guarantee success in the enterprise

Lesson Plan Literatura Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lesson Plan Literatura - Essay Example The objective of this lesson is to take the subtraction lesson to the next level as subtraction occurs as well as addition. The student will be able to attach meaning to the concept of ‘more or less’ as objects within the book increase and decrease. Ask the student how many are left when subtraction occurs and how many more there are when addition occurs. Ask what it means when less or more of something happens. Ask the student how counting and more or less are related. The game consists of hoops put down on the floor and the children tossing the construction paper butterflies so that they land in the hoops. Then each group counts the butterflies to see how many are there. When this is repeated, they determine if they have more or less than they had during the previous toss. The game can be extended as they determine how many more or less they have than the previous toss. The game can be played with members of the family, giving the child the opportunity to teach the game, helping them to learn as they express the ideas of more or less. As they play with the family a member of the family, such as the parent, can fill in the worksheet so the teacher can then assess the progress from external observations of the parent. This lesson is the last in a five part series of lessons that address the concept of numbers and mathematic foundations. This game styled lesson should provide context or the meaning of addition and subtraction using concrete ideas that are more conducive to creating

Corrections Module 6 Online Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corrections Module 6 Online - Essay Example Before the adoption of the health policies, this article indicates that US court system was reluctant to challenge jail conditions that touched on the health of the prisoners. However, after the case of Estelle v Gamble, courts have taken the initiative to support institutional policies that were challenged by prisoners. Some of the policies that US courts advocated for included segregation of HIV-seropositive individuals in addition to no segregation policies (Harrison and Beck 39). According to the state of Nevada, prisoners were supposed to undergo a mandatory HIV testing. However, in 1990 the Ninth Circuit Court overturned the mandatory policy put in place by the Nevada authority. This article indicates Blucker v Washington, 95c50110, U.S. District Court [ND Ill]) as one of the major case that depicts the way prisoners rights were affected in 1990s. According to this case, an inmate it Illinois prison sued the staff on the ground that as a result of the sexual abuse by the prison gangs he was infected with HIV. However, after 2 trials his case was rejected. Major strategies emulated by the government to punish prisoners involved in infecting other with HIV include incarceration and creation of criminal sanctions. This article is related with the text book in that it depicts the extent to which prisoners and victims were denied their rights. However, the reforms in the US judicial system have significantly addressed their plights. According to this article, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and other religious organisations stipulate that governors of the various US states should reject the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) proposal to buy and manage all the prisons that are under states authority (Abramsky 18). ACLU argues that by privatizing the US prisons, CCA would only increase it profits while the criminal justice reforms would be compromised. In addition, the article indicates the views of Office of Public Witness that depicts

ON orientalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ON orientalism - Essay Example As the empires extend across the world historically, the British and the French have been the mainly significant in terms of the East. The empires required to be acquainted with how they could comprehend the citizens they come across so that they could surmount and suppress them without difficulty. This method of using hefty abstract categories to describe those who look dissimilar, whose skin is a different colour, has been going on for a protracted time, as far back as there had been ring up linking different cultures and people (Sheng 180). However, orientalism makes such all-purpose procedure official in that it presents itself as intent knowledge. American orientalism is to a large extent meandering, and what differs in the American knowledge from British and French Orientalism, is that the American orientalism extremely politicised by the existence Israel for which America is the key partner. Many individuals trust the way that Americans recognize the Muslim world is extremely difficult. Anti-Arab racism seems to approximate the official sanction. Repeating the lines of persons who contain the majority influence, for whom Islam is a useful foreign fiend, to twist concentration away from the inequalities and trouble in the personal culture. America truly desires to think about racism. Racial discrimination that comes from the United States to Muslim individuals and towards Arabic persons, and that something that has to end and the United States has to begin regarding people from the Middle East in order to stumble on a way out to the trouble that has been building up over the years. This violence occurred in April of 1995. It appears to contain a recognizable mark. It got done to cause as many fatalities as possible. The reality that it was a dominant bomb in Oklahoma City, right away drew investigators to regard as fatal parallels that most of them have

Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Recruitment - Essay Example The methods by which candidates are picked, how they should apply, and the selection techniques to be adopted are considered. In prescriptive literature, formal recruitment methods include press advertisement, job centers and other relevant agencies (Nankervis & Compton 2009). Formal recruitment requires planning and strategy (Harris 2003). As a result, it takes time. A single event of recruitment is likely to have effect in small businesses than in big corporations. According to Atkinson, small firms have a hard time getting the caliber of the staff they need. Formal recruitment needs professional conduct if it is to achieve the intended results (Vaiman 2008). There are arguments that the long process of formal recruitment and selection does not necessarily lead to excellent results. However, the process of formal selection is predictable and easy to manage. Word of mouth advertisement is limited to the sphere of the employees. Formal selection reflects the ability of the structure on an organization. Not much organization can facilitate formal selection and recruitment in a sustainable way (Harris 2003). The leadership of an organization is seen through its ability to vet and get the most qualified workers. Formal selection and recruitment is both merit s and demerits (Roberts 1997). Formal recruitment and selection tends to give an equal chance to a group of talented and willing workers Orange Solutions are a technological company. It is located in many countries around the world. The multinational company has earned a reputation is offering quality technological solutions and has the latest infrastructure in internetworking and wireless technologies. The company has a vacancy in the following position and wishes to invite aspiring applicants to fill it. A job description lists the standards and qualification that must be met. A job description is a documentation used for

Short story about a family who is attacked by a ruthless loan shark Essay

Short story about a family who is attacked by a ruthless loan shark after defulting on their loan - Essay Example She recently had to take this job for some definite reason. Jonathon and Lisa had two sons and a little daughter. The first son, Jack studies in the seventh standard, the younger one in the fifth and was named after his grandpa Edward. Their only daughter, as white as lily and sweet as a pie was named Alice. She was only three years old. It was always hard for Lisa to carry Alice to the workplace but she had to. As at that point of time it was never possible for her to arrange a baby sitter for young Alice. Brighton is a tourist place in England and Kemp is most famous for its summer beaches. Every year almost eight million tourist visits Brighton and Jonathon was a manager of an inn so his job was secured and the family was happy enough till the time Jonathon didn’t fall prey into the hands of the money-lenders. Lisa always wanted their sons to receive good education but unfortunately this dream fell very short to Jonathon’s exquisite dream of buying a heritage car. Jonathon’s father was a rich businessman and he renovated the large beach house. This house was gifted by the Royal Family to Jonathon’s great grandfather Henry for saving the drowning prince when the Royal Family once visited Kemp Town Beach. Though there was always a separate Monarch’s Way situated at the west along the seafront above the beach, still it remains a mystery that amidst so many attendants and servants what Henry was actually doing there. It is said that Henry actually received this house as an ancestral property by marrying Maria, who was a daughter of a rich fisherman and as a wedding gift, Henry was awarded this house. But some where there was a bit problem in the constitution of thoughts or a habit that was carried forward to the forth coming generation is a point of debate and lets not beat around the bushes. The point of contention from this incident is clearer than the blue water of the sea which was visible from the bedroom of the beach house. The family was a bit

Management at Apple Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management at Apple - Research Paper Example Apple Company is located at Cupertino, California was established in 1976 and deals in personal computers, computer software other consumer electronics such as iPods, iPads, iPhones and tablets among others. In addition, the company has about 60, 400 permanent workers with 2,800 part time spread in more than ten countries and operating in about 357 retail stores with a present $65.23 billion â€Å"It plans to open a total of 25 stores in China by the end of 2011† (Head, 2007). Furthermore, Apple Company being a technology organization has used the location-based services strategy. This involves using an advertising platform that sends various offers to its clients from the nearby shops and restaurants. Similarly, Apple Company has been able to increase its sales and profits through venturing into the international markets such as China and Japan. In addition, departing from the domestic market to enter the international market by Apple has lead to reduced costs of production a nd the ability to trade in various markets hence lessening the dependency on one market. Supply chain management Supply chain management involves the organization and control of assets such as equipment, human, components and relationships such as customers, staff and suppliers among others in the production and delivery of customer’s commodity from unprocessed product to completed product as competently as possible. Apple Company is known to conduct its sale with a minimal physical supply sales chain. Instead, Apple uses digital supply chain involves distribution of digital media such as video or music though electronic medium from the provider to the client. For instance, through its virtual stores, Apple has been able to generate about $ 1 billion from iTunes sales only. â€Å"This can be considered as the first step by Apple towards implementing agility in its supply chain† (Sanders & Reid, 2007). In addition, the company has the ability to make sales worth more th an I billion of MP3 files without factors of physical supply management such as material sourcing, production, warehousing and transportation among others. These sales extend to iPhone mobile that do not use the normal supply chains. There are numerous advantages that are enjoyed by Apple in its usage of digital supply chains. For instance, increase in margin of hardware sales, increased maneuvers in the market because of higher flow of cash and the ability to provide what is on demand at right time. Therefore, because of this innovative idea of modern supply management, competition has increased among IT companies such as HP, Dell and IBM adopting and improving their methods. On that note, Apple has come up with its new design of supply chain called product lifecycle management (PLM). It is a programmed software that allows manufacturers from around the world to process the products they want using a collaborative design. â€Å"Thus the equation of achieving agility in supply chai n versus risk in meeting demand had to take shape for Apple† (Lebreton, 2007). Similarly, it permits the manufacturer to share and manage complicated design and commodity detail that aims at ensuring the proper development process of commodity. Inventory management Inventory management involves indicating the shape and percentage of completed products an organization has to sell. Numerous factors affect inventory of management of Apple Inc. Company. For example, there are the physical place of the

Bend it like Beckham Essay Example for Free

Bend it like Beckham Essay All cultures have different ways of showing respect and how there life is. In Bend it Like Beckham director Gurinder Chadha shows us the Indian life with the character Jessminda. Jessminda’s dreams are more important than her culture so she does not want to be the typical traditional Indian girl her parents want her to be; it sets the tone of depressed, troubled, and motivated. Jessminda changes throughout the story. At first she is really depressed because she wants to play soccer but her parents won’t let her. The reason why they won’t let her is because her culture is against her playing a boy sport that shows body parts her culture is against showing. The author shows us the tone of depressed by having Jessminda act sad and rude towards her parents. Also he shows the tone of depressed by having calm sentimental music playing. For example, ff she follows her culture her parents will be happy and she will have to give up scholarships that she could have. If she plays soccer her parents will be mad at her but she will get what she’s been wanting. Then her best friend, Jules stops talking to her because she sees Jess kiss there soccer coach, Joe. The reason her friend got mad is because Jess knew Jules and there soccer coach. The author uses this fight with her friend to show more depression that Jessminda is going through. He shows by putting them together and have them argue and he angles the camera close up to show their emotions as there talking. Culture is a big part of our lives but do we always follow it or would we rather follow our dreams? Jess starts to become daring which makes her start getting in trouble. She does what she has to just so she can play in soccer games. For example her parents and sister leave but she acts like she is sick so she doesn’t have to go with them but once they leave she goes to play in a soccer game but her dad had to go back to the house and finds out that she isn’t home. He then goes to where her game is and watches her play. Her parent’s hate that she wants to play soccer but her dad sees how much she likes it but she’s sneaking out to go play. By the author putting in this scene, he is showing that sometimes people have to do what they need to just to get what they want. He shows us the process of Jessminda lying to her parents and going and playing the game. This shows that she is a troubled girl who will show how much she likes something that means something to her. Everyone has those moments when we have to sneak away to do something that we really want to do. In addition another example of her being troubled is when she starts falling in love with their coach. She knows her culture only allows Indian woman to date Indian boys that the family accepts. Her falling for Joe is risking her life and his. The author shows us being troubled by having them two alone, dark nights so they fall in love. She does spend a lot of time with Joe but only because he is her soccer coach. Everyone has moments when we do things that changes us as a person. Jess becomes motivated to playing soccer. If it wasn’t for her coach she would of quit right in the beginning when her parents told her she couldn’t play. The problem is if she doesn’t play she won’t get the scholarships she can get and she won’t go on to college. So her coach talks to her and tells her if she just plays this championship game she will have a scholarship because they will be out there watching how they play. The author uses this to show that there are chances out there. Another problem is that her sister’s wedding lands on the day of the championship game, and her parents will not let her miss her sister’s wedding. She is sad that she can’t go but until her dad sees that she is talking to the guy her parents want her to marry and he sees what’s going on. They then tell her dad that the championship game is going on and she’s missing it so he tells them to go. This example shows confident by Chadha having her dad give her a chance to play. She then goes to the game and gets more motivated that when she gets there Jules is happy to see her so they could play together. She then played and ended up making the winning goal. After the game the person who was watching them to see if they can get there scholarships went up to them and offered them there scholarships. While he is watching them play Chadha keeps having the camera go to him to show how he reacts to good or bad plays. The camera angles help shows motivation and confidence by they keeps repeating his reaction. Chadha has good parts and bad parts to get us thinking. If it wasn’t for her coach Joe she would have given up her dream to respect her culture but now she has a scholarship that leads her to a better successful life. Cultures are what people believe in and that they follow but sometimes there’s a negative side in our culture that cannot always be followed. Everyone changes as a person good or bad and have different types of attitudes towards what he or she wants or has. Jessmindas dreams were more important to her that she went against her culture but her dad accepted it.

Flood Coping Mechanisms

Flood Coping Mechanisms Adaptive Strategies of household in terms of flood coping mechanism. Introduction Background of the problem International and national literature related to the problem to be studied Floods are defined as extremely high flows of river, whereby water inundates flood plains or terrains outside the water-confined major river channels. Flood hazard is measured by probability occurrence of their damaging values, conceived generally as flood risk, or by their impact on society, conceives usually as the loss of lives and material damage to society (Rossi et al., 1994). Flood is natural events that can occur at any time and often able to create loss and damage that can be suffered by property, population and environment. Flood event cannot be prevented, but it can only be controlled and reduced the impact. Flood came relatively quickly, so we must have the effective strategies in order to reduce the impact from flood event. Flood is the most damaging event in Indonesia. Of total disaster in Indonesia, 57.43% is floods. Those events cause 587,190 affected people and 68 casualties (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNBP/National Coordinating Board for the Management of Disaster), 2008). Geographically, Sampang is located in Madura Island and included as plain area because it has elevation almost the same as sea level. Due to this physical condition, Sampang, as a waterfront city, has been suffering with flooding almost every year. Combination between high intensity of rainfall and high tide of sea, improved water discharge of Kamoning River and then inundated several areas in Sampang. The triggering factor is small holding capacity of Kamoning River. The strategies from local community to cope the flood are mostly developed by the initiative of affected community in inundated area. For instance, they have added the floor height or the number of floor in order to avoid the water flow and save their belongings. The coping activities that have been done by local community revealed due to the disability of local community to move in safer area. Besides, those coping strategies also have uniqueness related to the physical condition of this area. It means that the strategies can be explored through several perspectives, e.g. the magnitude of flood, income, education, etc. By elaborating the existing adaptive strategies in Sampang Regency, it is expected that the general and specific description of flood coping strategies can be obtained as an effort to establish the recommendation in case of local government policy in facing with a given flood. 1.2. Statement of Problem Flood becomes a major issue for the local government of Sampang Regency because it is one of the most frequent and most disastrous natural events. Tremendous losses and damages as results of severe flood have been occurred. Historically, Sampang City already has been stricken severe flood in three times which were in 1921, 1991 and 2002. The most flood disaster in Sampang was in 2002, where a third area of Sampang was affected and caused more than 14 casualties, many damaged houses and public infrastructures, and many evacuated people. The recent of flood occurrence in Sampang were in 2008 and 2009, where the flood event has a little damaged. The flood occurrences in this regency demanded the awareness both from local community and local government for conducting disaster reduction actions. Those actions were aimed to minimize the impact of flood. One of those actions is flood investigation in terms of flood characteristics and coping strategies. The action is intended to gather information related to the characteristic of flood, how the affected community survive with flood, and the coping strategies that have been done by the local government. The collected information about flood and flood coping strategies will be useful as an important input to arrange capacity improvement in disaster reduction process. On the other words, local community and local government will be involved in establishing the more appropriate flood coping strategies, particularly by examining flood characteristics and existing flood coping mechanism. Moreover, it can be decided whether the existing flood coping strategies are adequate or not. There are many parts of Sampang Regency which are often stricken by flood every year, but the study about flood has not been done yet. Besides, more detail of local community’s strategies in overcoming the flood is not established. Local government commonly only calculated the losses and damages without investigating the flood characteristics and coping strategies done by local community. Find the thesis with Sampang as study area. Research Objective General objective of this research is to identify the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood event and local government actions in supporting the strategies. The general objective is then elaborated into four specific objectives, as follow: To identify the characteristics of the flood. To explore the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood. To recognize influencing factors of selected adaptive strategies. To identify the government strategies in terms of reducing the flood impacts. Research Questions The main question of this research is what are the adaptive strategies of households to cope the flood event and how can local government support the adaptive strategies in reducing the impact of flood Sub questions are: What are the characteristics of the flood event? What are the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood? What are the factors that influence the selecting adaptive strategies? What have done by local government to cope the flood in term of reducing the impact of the flood event? Research Method * Make the adaptations necessary to adjust the text according to your own situation: Type of Research The type of research is an explanatory research which seeks to identify the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood event and local government actions in supporting the strategies of household. This research will use qualitative and quantitative method. 2.2. Data Collection Literature study Secondary data will be collected mainly from government institutions, various data will be collected is listed on the following table: Table Secondary Data No Data Type Source 1 Annual report of JFP Perum year 2008 JFP, Perum of JFP 2 Documentation of tidal flood (picture and report) JFP, NJM 3 Fisheries statistic year 2008 JFP, BPS, Perum of JFP, NJFA 4 Spatial Plan NJM 5 Flood Preventing Program JFP, NJM Flood Preventing Program JFP, NJM Secondary data such as (reports, articles, etc) will be collected through a literature study from (governmental agencies, private, other). The sources of secondary data are shown in the following table X; 2.2.2. Fieldwork Primary data will be collected through a fieldwork for (duration, time of the data collection and place (s)). The research instruments will be a combination of an (in-depth interview, survey with questionnaires, others). The choice of key respondents (government officials/ experts, others) for interviews (with semi-closed interviews, closed interviews, etc) is based on a (purposive or other way of sampling). Further, the list of respondents to be interviewed is shown in the table X1; The research population at which the survey about (perception or other issue) using (questionnaires and/or other instrument) will be applied to (citizens, NGOs, etc..) The sampling technique for selecting respondents from citizens is a (purposive, random, or other) sampling. Considerin g that time and finance are the main limitations of the research, the expected number of respondents is X . The dissemination of questionnaires will be done by (visiting offices, schools/campuses and association centers of respondents, by using internet or other means). The list of respondents is presented in the following table X2; 2.3. Data Analysis How your collected data will be analyzed, techniques to be used for the analysis (statistic methods: means, percentages, frequency distribution, etc)) and for the display and organization of the collected data (tables, matrix, graphic (type)). Unit of Analysis, Variables and Indicators Unit of analysis of this research is the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Variables and indicators are summarized in the following table X3; 2.6. Research Design In order to have a clear guidance about how to do the research, it is necessary to make a research design. The research design consists of some stages as is shown in the following figure X The thesis report will be structured into X chapters. Those six chapters are as follows; Chapter 1 includes the background of the problem, problem statement, justification of study, research objectives, research questions and hypotheses. Chapter 2 deals with literature review/conceptual framework used in the research. Chapter 3 describes the general condition of the research area. Chapter 4 explains the research method. Chapter 5 discusses the results/findings of the research. Chapter 6 is concerned with conclusions and recommendations Time Framework Table X; Important dates and deadlines Budget Table X; Budget of research Reference List Appendix 1; Copy of the Interview Questions to be used in the field visit Appendix 2; Copy (s) of the Questionnaire(s) to be used in the field visit. Appendix 3; Map of the research area. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD Research method used deals with the goals and objectives achieved in this study. It consists of pre field, data collection method and data analysis method. Preparation This stage has main purpose to prepare some certain materials which will be used in the field data collection. There are three main activities, which are literature review, design survey, and questioner. The literature review is a process to obtain research background justification and to formulate research questions. Then, it is harnessed as a guide in the research process. The literature review itself yields a theoretical background that provides framework analysis of the research. It also organizes such kind of research which should be accomplished in order to achieve the research objective. Data Collection The data needed for the research analysis are primary and secondary data. Primary data collection interview both household and contact person in particular community (government official, community leader, NGO, etc). Questioner distribution will be held by considering the number of samples taken. In this case, the number of samples is obtained by using the following equation (Public Work Department): n = [image] Where : n = The number of samples N = The number of population (3 Sub district 29337) d = The level of significancy for about 10% (it represents all population) Regarding to the equation, the number of samples used is 100 samples (see the following calculation): = 99,66 = 100 On the other side, the secondary data are gathered from literature review and previous research reports. Secondary data are the available statistical data compiled from those institutions. The result of this fieldwork is a database containing all information related with people perception on flooding, physical aspects (structural types of buildings and building contents) and socio-economic aspects (age, gender, occupation, income, educational level, length of stay and housing status) and people’s coping mechanism due to flood. Data Analysis Method The method of analysis is a descriptive analysis that explores and investigates the data. Questionnaires were double checked for differences and corrected, and individual and housing records linked using SPSS software. The main variables collected from the households interviews such as : height of water level during flood, and the duration, flood history, coping mechanism, and the socio –economic were analysed. From the analysis, it is expected to find a new integrated flood management that is possible to apply in overcoming flood hazard in Sampang Regency. The output from this analysis process will be utilized as a guide to develop a new flood management system. Research Question Variables Indicators Data Source Interview Question Numbers What are the characteristics of the flood event? Characteristic of flood History of Flood Cause the Flood Flood Depth Flood Duration Interview (using questionnaires) with households, and observation The Impact of Flood Physical Damage Infrastructure House/Building Appliance Furniture Outside properties Economic Income Occupation Disruption in business Social Injuries sustain Illness suffered Loss of life Interview (using questionnaires) with households, and observation What are the adaptive strategies of household to cope the flood? Economic Reconstruction of house with the reinforced material Preparing place for storage at the higher place Storing basic food items such as : rice and sugar Building dikes in front of house using sand bags Repairing minor damage of the appliance Repairing important damage to the house Fixing things Continue working Purchasing cheap food Repairing minor damage of the appliance Repairing important damage to the house Saving money Interview (using questionnaires) with households. Technological/structural Construction of house with the reinforced material Closing the door and windows properly to avoid water Do nothing Securing house entrance to avoid debris Cleaning the house by draining Repairing minor damage of the appliance Repairing important damage to the house Fixing things Cleaning the canal surroundings the house Interview (using questionnaires) with households. Social Cleaning the house and surroundings Continue patrolling the neighborhood Helping other’s community member in doing work Guarding the house to ensure safety belongings Searching relief materials Evacuating the family, especially children and elderly to the safer place, Preparing temporary place at friend’s or relative’s place Preparing place for storage at the higher place Cleaning the canal surroundings the house Interview (using questionnaires) with households. What are the factors that influence the selecting adaptive strategies? Physical Infrastructure Geographic Location Interview (using questionnaires) with households. Economics Status of Property Income Occupation Interview (using questionnaires) with households. Social Household’s size Household’s structure Interview (using questionnaires) with households. What have done by local government to cope the flood in term of reducing the impact of the flood event? Structural Build dykes, Build dam, Build reservoir, Improve infiltration of rainfall into the ground. Interview with local institutions which have duties related to disaster coping mechanism Non structural An early warning system Regulation Interview with local institutions which have duties related to disaster coping mechanism The sample was chosen from households affected by coastal erosion/flooding and the ones who knew the details of adaptation strategies. A sample of 40 households was selected randomly.