Culture Is The Norms, Values, And Beliefs Of A Group Of...

Culture is the norms, values, and beliefs of a group of people. Society is everything made, learned, or shared by the individuals from a general public, including makings, opinions, practices, and material articles. Society is found out, and it changes very from society to society. Culture is the way a certain individual does things on the regular. Each individual was brought up different, so that what makes everybody a different individual. In some cases, we can distinguish or examine people nation by the way they dress. Your culture is your past, your present, and your future. Subculture is one with similarities to a larger culture, but has its own distinct differences because of it. In the U.S., there are subcultures such as the northeast, and the south. Subculture is the way characters do things in a different manner. All major are considered subculture because they have a specify way of doing their work. I am a Social Science, and my friend is a Biology major and our work are different from each other. If you are already in your career field, you probably will distinguish a social science from Biology major by the way they dress. Another subculture is the people from the south verses people from the north. People from the south dress, talk, and eat different difference than the people from the north. We from the south may dress more casual and the people from the north might have on a several accessories on clothes. Most people from the north have a differentShow MoreRelatedCulture Is The Norms, Values, And Beliefs Of A Group Of People1021 Words   |  5 PagesRakim Washington August 17, 2015 Introduction to Sociology Dr.Muhammad Culture and Subculture Culture is the norms, values, and beliefs of a group of people. Society is everything made, learned, or shared by the individuals from a general public, including makings, opinions, practices, and material articles. Society is found out, and it changes very from society to society. Culture is the way a certain individual does things on the regular. Each individual was brought up different, so that what makesRead MoreA Sociological Analysis Of The Survivalist Culture1152 Words   |  5 PagesA Sociological Analysis of Survivalism I. Introduction A. The survivalist culture is an intriguing American subculture whose main focus is to prepare for a tragedy such as the apocalypse or nuclear warfare. The concept of survivalism came about after the devastation from World War II, as well as the Cold war and the conflict between Korea and Vietnam (Crawford, 2017). These events began to spark interest in preparing for many types of disasters (Crawford, 2017). Over the years, the concept ofRead MoreA Sociological Vision Of The Word Culture931 Words   |  4 PagesCulture â€Å"Our view of the world is dramatically influenced by the society in which we were raised.† In a sociological vision the word culture isn’t just the was mannerisms its also the objects and ideas with in the society. What you do and use to do so is what ‘label’ you to which group, society, you belong to. Those actions are your culture. As defined by book, culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. It includes the ideas, valuesRead MoreCulture And The Culture Of Immigrants984 Words   |  4 PagesCulture/pg. 34: the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next. In the video documentary called Wetback, the culture of immigrants was very thoroughly seen. All of them struggle to find work at their home country, and they want nothing more than to provide for themselves and their family. They manage to live off of very little, but it is not enough and is obviously not the best way to go throughRead MoreCulture Diversity And Diversity1639 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society the words culture, diversity and multicultural environments are used to support the idea of an inclusive organization. Adhering to federal and state mandates, in addition to maintaining a politically correct appearance with regards to culturally diverse organizations is the new normal. The purpose of this paper is to examine the definitions of culture, diversity and multiculturalism as well as provide some insight into the current standings around these topics as a nation and withinRead MoreCulture, Culture And Culture Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesCulture Many times we hear concepts like ’Oriental culture’, ‘Italian culture’ or ‘Gothic Culture’. So we can understand and verify that it is an important concept related to the idea of the society where we live in. Culture, in Sociology, is a concept developed during XVIII and XIX centuries that has had various definitions. One exhaustive definition is in Browne (2015, p. 31): â€Å"Culture refers to the language, beliefs, values and norms, customs, dress, diet, roles, knowledge and skills, and allRead MoreAssessing Organizational Culture - Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesAssessing Organizational Culture 1 Running head: ASSESSING ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Assessing Organizational Culture BADM 6123, Master in Business Administration – Health Care Southern Nazarene University Dr. Liesa Persaud Rick Lawrence March 31, 2012 Assessing Organizational Culture 2 Read MoreCulture, Culture And Non Material Culture1256 Words   |  6 PagesCulture refers to any kind of morals, habits, norms, practices, beliefs, laws or customs acquired by man in a particular society. Culture is the set of knowledge, skills, traditions, customs, unique to a human group, to a civilization. It is transmitted socially from generation to generation and not by genetic inheritance, and largely determines individual behavior. (Arendt) Culture encompasses a very broad aspect of social life: techniques, manners, morals, lifestyle, system of values, beliefs,Read MoreCulture, Culture And Non Material Culture1585 Words   |  7 PagesCulture Culture refers to any kind of morals, habits, norms, practices, beliefs, laws or customs acquired by man in a particular society. Culture is the set of knowledge, skills, traditions, customs, unique to a human group, to a civilization. It is transmitted socially from generation to generation and not by genetic inheritance, and largely determines individual behavior. (Arendt) Culture encompasses a very broad aspect of social life: techniques, manners, morals, lifestyle, system of values, beliefsRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Conflict Theory972 Words   |  4 Pagesnew light and leaving behind all preconceptions. The macro level of the social world examines large-scale social structures, while the micro level of the social world involves face-to-face and small-group interactions. Both macrosociology and microsociology attempt to better understand society, groups, individuals, and institutions. Some sociological theories are better at explaining the social world at a macro level than they are at a micro level, and vice versa. Structural Functionalism and Conflict

Guided Imagery Child Play Therapy Free Essays

DEFINITION Guided imagery therapy is a cognitive-behavioral technique in which a child is guided in imagining a relaxing scene or series of experiences. RATIONALE Guided Imagery is similar to hypnosis and various relaxation strategies. Guided Imagery lies somewhere in the middle of a continuum consisting of standard relaxation techniques on one end of the spectrum and hypnosis on the other. We will write a custom essay sample on Guided Imagery Child Play Therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now As used by the author, guided imagery involves the child engaged in some sort of focused relaxation exercise followed by the use of visual imagery for the purpose of either direct or indirect problem-solving with the child. Guided Imagery brings two primary benefits to the play-therapy process. First, it can be used to help children gain a sense of mastery over both their bodies and their feelings, and secondarily, it can be used to augment generalization of other gains made in the play therapy by allowing children to use their imaginations to create hypothetical life situations in the play room so as to practice their newly acquired skills with the support of the therapist. Guided Imagery is thus really an elaborate form of role playing. While conventional role playing can be very effective, it is the use of Guided Imagery to augment mastery that is the focus of this discussion. DESCRIPTION Guided Imagery can be introduced at any point in the play therapy process. The child must be able to follow simple sequential directions and must be willing to relax in session. The ultimate goal is to provide the child with an increased sense of mastery, but the initial process requires that the child relinquish some control to the therapist, as the therapist will need to teach the child the techniques. There are a number of ways the therapist may introduce the process to the child — younger children often respond to the idea of taking an imaginary trip, while older children often like the idea of personal mastery, including the concept of self-hypnosis. However Guided Imagery is introduced, the therapist begins by teaching the child a basic relaxation strategy. If the child is willing, it is useful to have him or her lie down or sit in a recliner for the early training; alternatively, sitting in a beanbag chair works well. Progressive deep muscle relaxation is probably the most effective way of preparing the child for guided imagery. Is this approach to relaxation the child is asked to focus on one muscle group at a time while working to achieve maximum relaxation of that area of the body. Groups of muscles are added in sequence with the goal of achieving total body relaxation. Younger children may have difficulty with progressive deep muscle relaxation because it is such a passive process. For them a sequence of contract-relax instructions that take them through all of the major muscle groups is usually more effective. For example the child might be told to curl his toes then relax them, push his knees together then relax, tighten his stomach muscles and relax, and so on. Each muscle group is contracted and relaxed several times in a slow sequential progression. While deep relaxation facilitates the guided imagery process it is not necessary; simply getting the child to focus and follow directions is sufficient. Note that the child should be encouraged to achieve relaxation with his/her eyes open. This will make easier for the child to access the effects of the imagery later, in situations where full relaxation is not possible. Once even minimal relaxation has been achieved, Guided Imagery can be introduced. The imagery used needs to be tailored to the child’s needs, experiences, and developmental levels. This is best illustrated through a case example. Imagery techniques have been combined with a wide range of behavioral and cognitive procedures and treatment methods of some psychotherapeutic approaches, including behavior modification, cognitive processing therapy, rational emotive therapy, multimodal therapy, and hypnotherapy. Combinations of treatment methods among these approaches lead to the following general uses of imagery: ? antifuture shock imagery (preparing for a feared future event) ? positive imagery (using pleasant scenes for relaxation training) ? aversive imagery (using an unpleasant image to help eliminate or reduce undesirable behavior) ? associated imagery (using imagery to track unpleasant feelings) ? coping imagery (using images to rehearse to reach a behavioral goal or manage a situation ? step-up† technique (exaggerating a feared situation and using imagery to cope with it) An assessment of the child and their problems is an essential part of treatment, both at the beginning of therapy and throughout the entire process. This is to ensure that the therapist has sufficient understanding of the child’s situation and diagnosis of the problem(s). The assessment generally covers a variety of areas, such as developmental history (including family, education, and social relationsh ips), past traumatic experiences, medical and psychiatric treatments, and goals. HEALTHY IMAGERY The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center reports that clinicians often use guided imagery to help people (including children) deal with cancer. Guided Imagery can help children with cancer or other illnesses cope with the pain and the stress they may experience. To help a child through this Guided Imagery exercise, tell him or her to sit comfortably or lie down and close his or her eyes. Then ask the child to tell you their idea of the color of sickness and the color of healthiness. He or she might choose black for sickness and yellow for healthiness. Ask the child to visualize the black color in the area of the sickness, and then ask them to visualize the yellow color calmly filling the body, destroying all areas of black. Encourage the child to feel the warmth of the yellow color and the happiness that it brings. This can be done by the parent of a child when they are in a doctor’s office awaiting tests, when the child is feeling hopeless and when they just need a boost of encouragement. Read more: http://www. livestrong. com/article/137127-guided-imagery-exercises-children/#ix zz293qwHEFg APPLICATIONS Michael was 8 years old when he was brought to play therapy for anxiety-related behaviors. There had been many changes in his life and neither of his parents had been particularly able to address his needs because of their own distress. While play therapy focused on helping identify Michael’s basic needs and factors that were preventing him from getting his needs met, Guided Imagery was introduced to help him achieve symptom-mastery, thereby helping to reduce some portion of his anxiety. One problem area was that Michael was having distressing nightmares that were interfering with his ability to get a full night’s sleep. Because of his age, a contract-relax procedure was used to initiate relaxation. Although the therapist wanted Michael to practice his Guided Imagery while lying on the floor using a pillow and a blanket, Michael found this setup too anxiety-provoking, he associated sleep with having nightmares. For this reason, Michael was initially trained while he sat in a bean bag chair and later moved to a pretend bed. In a interview with Michael it was determined that one of the images he found very relaxing was swimming in a lake (so long as the water was clear enough that he could see the bottom and ensure there were no creatures lying in wait. Once he was relaxed, the therapist guided him through imagining lying in very shallow water by the side of a lake. The image of water was strengthened by making it multisensory. Michael was asked to imagine that the sand he was lying on was warm and very soft and that it felt and sounded like the shifting of the beans in the bean bag chair. Then he was asked to imagine the water as being quite warm as it flowed over his body. He was told to picture a bright blue sky with puffy white clouds and to hear the sound of very gently waves as they moved past his ears. The ebb and flow of the waves was then synchronized to his breathing so that the waves came up as he breathed in and flowed out as he exhaled. Michael enjoyed the image very much and was more than willing to practice it at home. The therapist instructed Michael to begin by practicing in the morning after he woke up so as to reduce his anxiety about possibly of falling asleep during the exercise. In session, the therapist helped Michael learn to use the image as a way of regaining control when anxious material was discussed. If Michael became anxious in session, the therapist would cue him to begin â€Å"breathing with the waves† in a slow and measured pace. As Michael reported achieving a more relaxed state, he and the therapist began to introduce images from his nightmares into the process. At first Michael was told to remain lying in the lake and to practice seeing some of the monsters from his dreams in the clouds overhead. Since these were clouds, not monsters, there were not particularly threatening. Later the monsters were brought to life and Michael engaged in many mastery fantasies. He would have his own monsters rise up out of the lake to protect him. He would become a knight with magic power. Or he would tell a joke and the monsters would laugh until they literally broke into pieces. At this time, the therapist began having Michael use the imagery when he woke up from a nightmare during the night as a way of soothing himself. As Michael reported more success he was encouraged to use the imagery prior to going to sleep at night to create dreams that would not be frightening. In essence, Michael scripted his dreams and took control over the expression of his anxiety. As can be seen in the above, it is important for the relaxation process and imagery to come under the child’s control. The therapist attempts to move from the role of instructor, to simply cuing the start of the process, and finally to a role where he or she is simply reinforcing and helping to focus the use of the process outside of the session. If the child does not gain control of the process, it is unlikely that they will be able to use it outside of session, and they will remain dependent on the therapist. It should be also apparent that the process, at least in this case, also contained elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy and systematic desensitization. As stated in the introduction, Guided Imagery effectively enhances the therapeutic process. In this case, as intense as his nightmares were, it took Michael only a few weeks to first reduce and then virtually eliminate them. Once he experienced mastery, rapid gains ad generalization followed. This same process was used to help him master some other anxiety-related symptoms and enhance his school performance. SUPPLIES NEEDED The supplies needed for Guided Imagery are items that can help in the relaxation of muscles and visualization of the image(s) of the therapy. Some examples of useful supplies would be: pillows ? blankets ? bean bag chairs ? a bed ? relaxing music (a variety) ? picture books (variety) RESOURCES http://www. minddisorders. com/Flu-Inv/Guided-imagery-therapy. html Books: – Kaduson, Schaefer. 101 Favorite Play Therapy Techniques/Guided Imagery – Crowley, R. Cartoon Magic: How to Help Children Discover Their Rainbows Within. 1989 REFERENCES – Jacobs on, E (1938) Progressive Relaxation: A Physiological and Clinical Investigation of Muscular States and Their Significance in Psychology and Medical Practice, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago. – O’Connor, K. How to cite Guided Imagery Child Play Therapy, Essay examples

Benefits of Cloud Computing On the Business-Samples for Students

Question: What is Cloud Computing and how it works. Answer: Introduction: With the advancement in the technology, many organisations are implementing the new technologies in their processes. One of those technologies is cloud computing. It is the technology that is being used by most of the organisations these days. Those technologies provide many benefits to the businesses. Not only the big companies but the small companies are making more use of cloud computing services. This is because big companies have their own IT infrastructure but small companies find it very costly to develop their own IT infrastructure (Mell and Grance, 2011). Development of cloud computing has also created a new era of competition amongst the businesses to build their network and enhance the businesses. Cloud computing has become a very popular idea and service. This is the project that discusses about the concept called cloud computing. The major focus of the project is to analyse the importance and benefits of cloud computing is business efficiency and productivity. This essay describes the overall functioning of cloud computing and it infrastructure. Project Objective: This project focus on the concept cloud computing. As far as the specificity of the objectives is considered, following are some of the objectives of cloud computing: What is cloud computing and how it works What are the benefits of cloud computing on the business efficiency and productivity? Project Scope: The scope of the project is to know about the level of involvement, cloud computing has in businesses. This report focuses on cloud computing and its impact on businesses. This helps the researchers to better understand the intensity of cloud computing involvement in the businesses these days. The scope of the research is so wide. Understanding the benefits of cloud computing in businesses help them to take better decisions in order to implement the cloud computing services in the organisations (Armbrust,et al. 2010). cloud computing Information technology is the field that is experiencing great development. The use of information technology tools has allowed the users to make many changes and development in every organisational process. In context of business, most of the organisations have also started using IT tools and services to conduct some of the activities at the workplace. Now, the time has come that each and every organisation is dependent on software and hardware for their functioning. Cloud computing is the term that is given to an online data base that acts as the storage device (Qian, et al. 2009). It provides one of the facilities to the companies or the user to use internet as the medium to store and save data and use the applications online. Traditionally, suing the business applications was very expensive and complicated in nature. Whole team of experts were required to install, configure and run those applications in the company. With the invention of cloud computing, these complicated activit ies have eliminated. Now the applications are not managed by the company itself but are on shared server which is managed by experienced vendors of clouds. Cloud based application are easy to use and thus user just enhance to make their account on the particular cloud to use the applications (Buyya, Yeo and Venugopal, 2008). Even the data can be stored at the cloud and it can be shared to anyone along with having secured connections. Cloud architecture: Figure 1 The architecture of cloud computing is very complicated and involves 4 layers. The first layer is the hardware that is also called ad datacentre layer, the infrastructure layer, platform layer and the last one is application layer. The hardware layer: It is the layer of physical resources such as clouds, servers, routers, switches, power etc. A data centre is the centre that includes many servers that are organised and interconnected with switches and other associated linking devices. The infrastructure layer: It is the layer that includes virtualisation technologies that is very important for the cloud applications to run (Zhang and Zhou, 2009). The platform layer: This is the layer that includes applications and operating system that act as the platform to run the applications on it. This layer is also very important as platform helps in supporting the applications by reducing their burden. The application layers: IT is the layer that is the most important one in the whole architecture as it includes all the application that needs to be run. All the layers of the cloud architecture are loosely coupled with each other and thus every layer has its equal importance (Foster, et al. 2008). Types of cloud computing infrastructure: Infrastructure as a Service: This is the type of cloud in which the third party allow the user to use some of the infrastructure such as hardware, software, servers, storage etc. Software as a Service: IT is the capability where the providers software is being used by other user that is running on the cloud interface. The interface can be web browser or any of the program interfaces. Platform as a Service: It is the facility where the user can deploy onto cloud infrastructure. In this, user can develop and run their application on the cloud and cloud acts as the platform. Cloud computing infrastructure: Cloud computing infrastructure can be built with different level of virtual technologies. There are different models of clouds such as private, public and hybrid cloud. Private clouds: It is the cloud that is used on private basis. This means that this type of cloud is being generated by the providers for the single client that can be installed at the client data centre or at the collocation where it can be used with the permission of the client (Zhang, Cheng and Boutaba, 2010). It is developed by the provider on the order basis or by the IT infrastructure of the company itself so that it can be installed for companys own use. The major benefit of using this cloud is that it can be controlled by the company and changes can be made easily. Public clouds: Public clouds are the clouds that are made for shared use. The providers develop such clouds and install the same on different location from the client site as there are many clients of the same cloud or server (Dong, et al. 2009). This helps in reducing cost for every customer. One more benefit of using this cloud is that it is easy to handle as third party is operating all the things. Sacking can also been done easily. Hybrid clouds: It is the type of cloud that is combination of both the above discussed clouds. It is the cloud that has the capacity to distribute the application to private as well as public basis. This cloud is beneficial as it serves the clients who want their personal cloud and also the clients who want to share the cloud with other users as well (Krutz and Vines, 2010). Cloud as an emerging utility in business: Cloud computing is the most popular facility that is being used by the business these days. This is because it provides easy access to various applications. The benefits of suing cloud computing as utility are: On demand services: On demand services are provided to the user on cloud. Customization is also the option available for them. The computing environment can be customized by the user according to their demands and cloud provides this to them. The clients or the customers provide their requirements to the cloud providers or developers and the n the providers work on the applications as per the clients need and requirements (Armbrust,et al. 2009). Ther are various requirements that are important to be installed at the time of making contracts between the user of the cloud and the seller of the cloud. Some of them are procurement, account management, service installation, payment and billing etc. all these things are mechanised in a way so that the process of running and installing the clouds at the clients space can be properly managed. Pay as you go: It is the service that can be paid according to its usage per minute. The user can pay according to the time the application of the server is used by the user rather than paying on monthly basis. This provides an ease for the customers as they do not have to pay on a monthly basis. Guaranteed quality: the environment or the services that are provided by clouds are guaranteed with the quality and serve the same quality that has been claimed at the time of agreement (Marston, et al. 2011). Quality provided to the customers is very high because the companies or the third party providers that are serving the clients with cloud services are specialised in this and have great IT infrastructure as compared to individual IT infrastructures of the companies. Accessibility: It is very easy access the cloud computing services as they are light in nature and can be installed very easily and has user friendly interface. Resource pooling: It is one of the major benefits of the services by clouds. The providers of the services allow the user to use the services on pooled or shared basis. Single service can be provided to multiple users at the same time (Truong, D., 2010). This concept of resource pooling is not dependent on the location of the server or the client. Pooling does not mean sharing the data but it is just about sharing the infrastructure or the software. The major benefit for using this resource pooling is cost. It decreases the cost for the user as more than one user is using the cloud at a time. The organisations selling the cloud services have to retain the buyers and thus have to provide the effective services to them. Forecasting is the very important factor that is required in cloud computing business. This is because over capacity if the cloud results in increasing of cist and under capacity of the cloud may results in losing the customers. Cloud computing in business: Cloud computing is the convergence of two types of information technology trends. The first trend is IT efficiency. The use of cloud computing services increases the power and the efficiency of computer system. The hardware and software of the computer system can be used in more efficient manner with the association of cloud computing services. The next trend is business agility. In this the IT tools can be used by the business or the companies for the purpose of business analytics, rapid deployment, batch processing etc. that increases the productivity of the company (Gupta, Seetharaman and Raj, 2013). As competition is increasing day by day thus it is very important to inculcate IT tools in the business functions so that the companies can withstand the market competition. The major goals of businesses these days are to earn more and more profits by putting minimal inputs. For this, many of the businesses turned their way to cloud computing. Cloud computing is a booming industry in the world and many companies are providing clouds computing applications and database to their customers. Some of the big names of this industry are Google, Amazon, IBM, Yahoo; Microsoft etc. each of the companies named here have different fields and thus provide different types of clouds to the customers (Avram, 2014). When cloud computing enters the business world, it has been analysed that rapid improvement is being observed in the way the business functions, interact with the customers, perform business activities etc. it has been analysed that most of the companies are using the facilities of clouds and perform all the activities on clouds (Armbrust, et al.2010). There are many benefits of using cloud computing in the business. It does not only increase the efficiency of the business but also increase the productivity of the same. Following are some the justification that describes that how cloud computing has its impact on efficiency and productivity of the business. Cost saving: cloud computing is the technique that is one of the most cost effective methods that can help in improving the IT infrastructure of the business. This is because it provides pay-as-you-go option in which the users can pay as per the usage of the service and not only monthly basis. This makes it very reasonable for the business to use cloud services. The company can have many other spending by using cloud computing such as purchase of hardware and software, spending on storage and networking, reduced operational cost. The major concern here is that use of cloud computing reduces the operational cost of the company and thus the per-unit cost of the company also reduced (Hofmann and Woods, 2010). This enhances the productivity of the company as well as allows the company to produce or provide the services in more efficient way to the end customers. It requires a great planning by the company. The company or the business becomes more efficient and implementing new things qui ckly and without much spending. Reliable: Using reliable services is very important to be efficient in operations and functioning of the business. Cloud computing is the service that is realised to be very reliable then the personal data centres. Traditionally most of the companies build their own data centres and function on the basis of those data centres. The major risk associated with using the personal datacentre is server load. The issue in the sever leads to high loss to the company thus using the servers that are available on clouds helps the company to eliminate such a risk prone activities to happen. Mobility: It is one of the benefits of using cloud computing and cloud application that there are mobile in nature. It is the most important characteristics of cloud computing that make the work at the business more efficient (Stanoevska-Slabeva, et al. 2009). This is because it is very easy to access the clouds on any of the devices. Staff can easily collaborate with each other and there are no boundations for workers to use the data at a particular point. The data can be accessed by any of the employee from anywhere in the world. Thus, unless the company spent a large amount of money on building a great IT infrastructure it cannot compete with the cloud provider services. Security: Security is another major reason why businesses are using cloud computing these days. It has been analysed that data that is uploaded on the servers of clouds are very much secured by the providers. When the data is stored on clouds, it can be accessed even when there is any issue in the system. There are many policies and procedures that are associated with the contract of having contracted of clouds with the providers thus cloud computing is much secured way (Kaufman, 2009). As the data always remains on server thus it can be deleted from every system which may be using the data for wrong means. Immediacy: It is the most important benefit of cloud computing. It has been analysed that the traditional applications of software used to take weeks or months to get installed and configured but the new applications of cloud computing can be installed in a day and can be used very easily (Hoberg, Wollersheim and Krcmar, 2012). It resolves the immediate issues of the company and thus the productivity of the company perform their tasks increases. Recovery and backup: when the data is stored o the cloud, it is comparatively very easy to restore the data rather than taking data from the physical device. Any physical harm to these devices can also rupture the data inside but clouds do not have such drawbacks. The case of data loss is also very less in case of cloud computing and storage rather than the physical storage devices. All the above discussed benefits of cloud computing in businesses provide efficiency and productivity of the company and its functions this is because all the data that has been traditionally stored in the hardware devices are now stored at the data centres which are safest place to store the same (Weinhardt,et al. 2009). The use of cloud computing has enhanced the efficiency of the businesses these days. Now, not only the big businesses but the small companies can also have access to higher technologies and also can have wider reach because of the tools of cloud computing. Earlier where only the big companies have the power to make their own infrastructure, now the small scale businesses use these clouds instead and can manage the things in their budget. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the report that advancement in technology is bringing change in many things from daily lives to business processes. Most of the businesses are using IT tools for the all the functions and the activities they perform as it is believed that IT tools helps in enhancing the productivity and efficiency of the organisations. Cloud computing is one of those services or facilities that is used by all. Cloud computing is the term that is given to an online data base that acts as the storage device. It provides one of the facilities to the companies or the user to use internet as the medium to store and save data and use the applications online. It is very beneficial to use clouds computing technology at the organisation. This is because implementing cloud computing at the workplace is very cheap as compared to the personal IT infrastructure. It has been realised that it provides the facility to aces the data easily and the data remained secured at the cloud data cen tres. Other benefits of using cloud computing at the workplace are mobility, reliability, cost saving etc. References: Armbrust, M., Fox, A., Griffith, R., Joseph, A.D., Katz, R., Konwinski, A., Lee, G., Patterson, D., Rabkin, A., Stoica, I. and Zaharia, M., 2010. A view of cloud computing.Communications of the ACM,53(4), pp.50-58. Armbrust, M., Fox, A., Griffith, R., Joseph, A.D., Katz, R., Konwinski, A., Lee, G., Patterson, D., Rabkin, A., Stoica, I. and Zaharia, M., 2010. A view of cloud computing.Communications of the ACM,53(4), pp.50-58. Armbrust, M., Fox, A., Griffith, R., Joseph, A.D., Katz, R.H., Konwinski, A., Lee, G., Patterson, D.A., Rabkin, A., Stoica, I. and Zaharia, M., 2009.Above the clouds: A berkeley view of cloud computing(Vol. 17). Technical Report UCB/EECS-2009-28, EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley. Avram, M.G., 2014. Advantages and challenges of adopting cloud computing from an enterprise perspective.Procedia Technology,12, pp.529-534. Buyya, R., Yeo, C.S. and Venugopal, S., 2008, September. Market-oriented cloud computing: Vision, hype, and reality for delivering it services as computing utilities. InHigh Performance Computing and Communications, 2008. HPCC'08. 10th IEEE International Conference on(pp. 5-13). Ieee. Dong, B., Zheng, Q., Yang, J., Li, H. and Qiao, M., 2009, July. An e-learning ecosystem based on cloud computing infrastructure. InAdvanced Learning Technologies, 2009. ICALT 2009. Ninth IEEE International Conference on(pp. 125-127). IEEE. Foster, I., Zhao, Y., Raicu, I. and Lu, S., 2008, November. Cloud computing and grid computing 360-degree compared. InGrid Computing Environments Workshop, 2008. GCE'08(pp. 1-10). Ieee. Gupta, P., Seetharaman, A. and Raj, J.R., 2013. The usage and adoption of cloud computing by small and medium businesses.International Journal of Information Management,33(5), pp.861-874. Hoberg, P., Wollersheim, J. and Krcmar, H., 2012. The business perspective on cloud computing-a literature review of research on cloud computing. Hofmann, P. and Woods, D., 2010. Cloud computing: The limits of public clouds for business applications.IEEE Internet Computing,14(6), pp.90-93. Kaufman, L.M., 2009. Data security in the world of cloud computing.IEEE Security Privacy,7(4). Krutz, R.L. and Vines, R.D., 2010.Cloud security: A comprehensive guide to secure cloud computing. Wiley Publishing. Marston, S., Li, Z., Bandyopadhyay, S., Zhang, J. and Ghalsasi, A., 2011. Cloud computingThe business perspective.Decision support systems,51(1), pp.176-189. Mell, P. and Grance, T., 2011. The NIST definition of cloud computing. Qian, L., Luo, Z., Du, Y. and Guo, L., 2009. Cloud computing: An overview.Cloud computing, pp.626-631. Stanoevska-Slabeva, K., Wozniak, T. and Ristol, S., 2009.Grid and cloud computing: a business perspective on technology and applications. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Truong, D., 2010. How cloud computing enhances competitive advantages: A research model for small businesses.The Business Review, Cambridge,15(1), pp.59-65. Weinhardt, C., Anandasivam, A., Blau, B., Borissov, N., Meinl, T., Michalk, W. and Ster, J., 2009. Cloud computinga classification, business models, and research directions.Business Information Systems Engineering,1(5), pp.391-399. Zhang, L.J. and Zhou, Q., 2009, July. CCOA: Cloud computing open architecture. InWeb Services, 2009. ICWS 2009. IEEE International Conference on(pp. 607-616). Ieee. Zhang, Q., Cheng, L. and Boutaba, R., 2010. Cloud computing: state-of-the-art and research challenges.Journal of internet services and applications,1(1), pp.7-18

Multiple Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Abnormal Psychology

Multiple Personality Disorders Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) or Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) was first recognized in the 1700's but was not understood so therefore it was forgotten. Many cases show up in medical records through the years, but in 1905, Dr. Morton Prince wrote a book about MPD that is a foundation for the disorder. A few years after it was published Sigmund Freud dismissed the disorder and this dropped it from being discussed at any credible mental health meetings. Since then the disorder has been overlooked and misdiagnosed as either schizophrenia or psychosis. Many in the medical profession did not believe that a person could unknowingly have more than one personality or person inside one body, even after the in the 1950's Three Faces of Eve was published by two psychiatrist. In 1993, records showed that three to five thousand patients were being treated for MPD compared to the hundred cases reported ten years earlier. There is still as increase in the number of cases being reported as the scientific community learns more and more about the disease and the public is becoming more and more aware of this mental disorder. There are still many questions left unanswered about the disease, like "Is it genetic?" or "Is a certain type of personality more vulnerable to the disorder?" but many aspects of how people come by the disorder are already answered (Clark, 1993, p.17-19) MPD is commonly found in adults who were recurrently abused mentally, physically, emotionally, and/or sexually as young children, between birth to 8 years of age. The child uses a process called dissociation to remove him/herself from the abusive situation. Dissociation is when a child makes up an imaginary personality to take control of the mind and body while the child is being abused. The child can imagine many personalities but usually there is a personality for every feeling and or emotion that was involved during the abuse (BoyyM, 1998, p.1). As an adult, the abused child finds it hard to keep track of time and may have episodes of amnesia. Other symptoms that will appear in adults with MPD are depression, auditory and visual hallucinations (hearing voices) and suicidal thoughts. Another major symptom is when the adult has no recollection of their childhood. The adult with MPD has no idea they were abused as children and also unaware of the other personalities living inside of their head (Multiple Personality Disorder-fact sheet, 1996-99, p.1). Multiple Personality Disorder is when there is "the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities, each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self"(BoyyM, 1998, p.1). There can be anywhere from two to over a hundred different personalities. Usually each personality will fall into one of the following categories: core, host, protectors, internal self-helper, fragments, child members, preteen, teenager, adults, artistic/music, cross-gender, cross-colored, animal members, inanimate members (BoyyM, 1998, p. 2-3). The host personality is the person who is the multiple, this is the original personality, or the one that created the other personalities, but is unaware of them. The most common apparent identities are the child, persecutor, rescuer, and helper. The child is the identity that is under the age of twelve. They behave as children often sucking thumbs, twisting hair, like to eat cookies, throw tantrums, and use child-like vocabulary. The Persecutor identity is the self-destructive identity that is violent and angry. Persecutor identities usually have a drug/alcohol problem and generally put the host at risk. The rescuer personality is usually devoid of emotion but logical, able, proficient, and responsible. The helper personality knows the most about the history of the multiple; they generally want to help everyone for the general good. The helper personality is the personality that is most helpful in therapy because they usually know about all the other identities (Clark, 1993, p.80-83). Subpersonalities are not only part of a person with MPD but they are also evident in emotionally normal persons as well. Although, in a normal person, he/she remembers when their subpersonality takes over, but in a MPD patient, the personality disconnects from the host that the host can not remember what happens. When a traumatic experience happens, whether positive or negative, a subpersonality will develop. In a normal person, the splitting is broken into an "ok self" and a "not ok self". In a multiple, the personalities are more defined; they are broken into smaller fragments that disassociate from the human host (Rowan, 1990, p. 7, 20). In the book by Terri A. Clark, M.D., it shows the

Neuromancer essays

Neuromancer essays The case against Microsoft is based not just on bad economics, but on a fundamental misunderstanding of government's decision-making role when it comes to market operations. This misunderstanding has led to an attack on one of the USs most successful firms. It is difficult to measure consumer "harms", much less harms that may only occur in the future. A common misconception about antitrust law is that its purpose is to ensure fair competition. That's not true; antitrust law's purpose is to protect consumers. If fair competition maximizes their welfare, so be it; if monopoly maximizes their welfare thats what the antitrust laws provide for. It's not clear that Microsoft has a monopoly in the first place. Past Microsoft customers are not a captive market, as the Department of Justice portrays them. Rather, Microsoft must continue to add features and functionality to its products to get its Windows 95 consumers to become Windows 98 (and beyond) consumers. Consumers are free to change operating systems at any time. There are such alternatives as Linux with the graphic interface, the Mac OS but the point is that even if there were none Microsoft's ability to raise prices is strictly limited by the mere possibility of such an alternative's emergence into the market. Predatory pricing that is, the practice of lowering prices to drive out competition, thus enabling massive price increases later? Well, maybe. There are compelling academic theories that question the possibility of predatory pricing in a free market, but economists universally agree that one component of predatory pricing must be high entry/exit costs. If the competition can enter and exit the market at very low cost, driving them out serves very little purpose, since as soon as you, the monopolist, get around to raising your prices, they'll come right back in and compete those profits away. The purpose of this discussion of pricing strategy is to show that Mi...

A Story of a Girl Who Can Make People Smile

A Story of a Girl Who Can Make People Smile Everyone has a story. And its that story, good or bad, that can help change another persons life whether it is minor or drastic. What I hope to accomplish, is to be thought of as reliable, honest, trustworthy, and good natured. There will be many times during my life when I will move on from a job, from school, from a career, moving on to new friends, and in some cases leaving old ones behind. I hope that when those people think of me, and the past and experiences I had with them, that they smile. Starting off with high school, I would like to be remembered as the girl who could make anyone feel better about their self. One of my biggest goals amongst my friends, and people in my life is to brighten their day and make them feel good whether its from a simple compliment, pep talk, or just something funny or inspiring I said to them. I have always been told that I have a gift for making people smile, which feels great to hear. I also want to be remembered for being trustworthy. To me, that is one of the most important values in a friendship, or any relationship with anyone. In high school, I feel that finding a true friend who is trustworthy is very rare. Ive had several friends that have gone behind my back and said things that were unkind, or done things to sabotage the friendship I had with them and that has always been a deal breaker for me. Because of that reason, I have always held the values of honesty and trust dear in my heart, and promised myself that, no matter how hard it was, I would always keep those traits present and, hopefully in turn, be remembered for it. A lot of people want to be remembered for their GPA, intelligence, looks, or their athletics, but those things only go as far as helping yourself. These things also dont help you in the long run, as far as a career and future relationships go. To my future, past, and present coworkers, bosses, teachers, and classmates, I want to be remembered for being reliable. This is very, very important to me as well because as a student, friend, classmate, and coworker, being unreliable can cost you that job or relationship you have with those people in your life. Ive made it a point to always be on time, be trustworthy, honest, diligent, and reliable. Because of this I have grown to have a great relationship with my boss, teachers and other people that I have professional relationships with. My teachers and bosses always tell me how reliable I really am, and for that reason I have even earned the label as a star employee, with the job that I have now. For this, I hope to continue to be remember ed for my good work ethics and reliability. I want my story to be, a story of a girl who could make people smile because of how good natured and sweet she was. I want to be known and remembered for my honesty, and how reliable and trustworthy I am. These are all qualities that some of my truest friends and some of the most good hearted people I know have, and these people inspire me to have these qualities as well. I want to be remembered as a girl who could make people feel good, and in the grand scheme of things I would like to just be remembered as a good person. If people think of me and smile, then I know that I have done a good job.

HR Strategy Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HR Strategy Management - Essay Example The idea of the culture of excellence would serve to develop national cadre within the objective of the organization. It would also serve to develop the system used in service provision within the organization. Dubai municipality encompasses the following strategies; employment and nationalization, behavioral skills assessment at the assessment center, successive planning and specifying manpower within the organization. The Talent Management Section (TMS) that was formed within the municipality for the same purpose implements this. Specifying manpower would be the most indispensable of all the strategies. This would entail allocating the employees specific work that they have gotten to perform. Individuals are assigned various tasks that they are qualified in doing. This gives and asserts responsibility together with accountability of those involved. This would also ensure that delegation is done well and places filled up when an individual is missing. This would also include plannin g of the work that has to be done within the municipality and the time to be allocated for various activities. Planning would also involve acquiring the resources such as capital at the right time that would be used in carrying out tasks. This would result in goal or objective attainment for the organization. Successive planning is another strategy that is applied at the office of Dubai Municipality. ... It would also be in terms of human resource management that would involve employees. The municipality has employed enough people that carry out its activities; this ensures completion of work in time to ensure customer satisfaction. There is also performance and behavioral skills assessment aimed at provision of quality services that would put customer complains to minimal levels. When customers are satisfied all is well, and every person is happy. This prompts the Municipality to carry out performance assessment on its employees. This would act to make them carry out their work effectively and efficiently to achieve customer satisfaction. Behavioral skills are also assessed with the main aim of knowing how customer complaints are handled within the organization. This would involve how employees carry themselves when handling customer related issues. It would also be r5elated to the relation between employees within the organization. Good relations between employees would give maximu m output, which is required in firms or organizations providing services to the organization. The Assessment Centre within the Dubai municipality makes this possible. This is concerned with assessments aimed at knowing the competence of the workers and level of performance. This section requires qualified individuals who would carry out their work with integrity and minimal supervision (Dreher and Dougherty, 163). There is also career planning that aims at self-development of the employees of Dubai Municipality. Different sections exist within the municipality and this call for different knowledge and expertise. Therefore, individuals are identified and trained in their career lines. This would encourage specialization and

The Uses of Spatial Analysis In Organization Research Paper

The Uses of Spatial Analysis In Organization - Research Paper Example the visual viewpoint phenomenon’s spatial distribution, it is very important that the available patterns are translated into measurable considerations and objective. While White & Engelen (1997), give their description of what spatial analysis is Miller, (2004), asserts that it involves all of the formal mechanisms that are used in the study of entities by the use of geometric properties, geographic properties or even topological properties. Spatial analysis as a phrase means various or different mechanisms, whereby majority are still in the initial stages of development, by the use of various analytic methods and used in different areas like astronomy, where it is used in the studies of the galaxies’ positioning in the cosmos, and chipping of fabrication engineering. Moreover, it is always used in a much constricted sense in the description of the mechanisms that are used in the structures at the scale of humans, particularly in the appraisal of the geographic data. So metimes, it is even used in referring to particular mechanism in one research area like the description of geostatistics (Goodchild, 1987). In their article, Fotheringham & Rogerson (1993), say that there are some complicated issues that normally come up in this kind of analysis, whereby most of them seem not to be defined in a clear manner, as well as not resolved well, however, they form the foundation for the present research. The one that appears to be the most critical one is the difficulty of the definition of the specific location of the entity’s that are being investigated. For instance, when we take a look at the study on the health of human beings, we find that the position of individuals could be defined with a point or mark put at their dwelling place, or even with a mark that is put... This essay stresses that it continues using it as companies usually change tactics that can make or enable then remain relevant and survive in the market. This is a strategy that can help in identifying the competitors even if they change tactics by changing names and locations so as to bring confusion. It should be the sole responsibility of the top management of the company to ensure that the researches using this model are continued or maintained by investing heavily in it so as to give it the necessary support, as its results or benefits are clear. The company uses this method of study in trying to find the best place that it can set its branches so as to avoid making mistakes. On the other hand, it also enables the company to maintain the relative strategies of location, such as taking into consideration the competitor’s location. This paper makes a conclusion that business is just as dirty game as politics and being smarter is the only key to success. It is true that different companies try to outdo each other and the best thing is always to adopt the most appropriate strategies so as to come out on top of the others. The path that Wells Fargo took of doing research using the spatial strategy is a good one and has appeared fruitful. The company has been able to identify the most appropriate places of setting up its branches as well as finding out the location of its major competitors.

Safeguard the Future of Our Children Essay Example for Free

Safeguard the Future of Our Children Essay We do not realise that the future generation will not be able to survive without the natural resources we are squandering.With so much progress in this world these have started to matter a lot and play an immense role in our lives. Without any worry we waste tonnes and tonnes of water. For eg. we can take a shower wihtin 5 minutes but we rather prefer talking long baths in the water tub.Same is the case when we wash our cars, even thought they dont need cleaning we still wash them unnecessarily. If we really care about the survivl of the next generation we should start using water wisely and not waste it intentionally. Then comes forward the travelling which requires the 2 most important non renewable fossil fuels, oil and gas.Eventhough everyone is aware that these are formed over a 1000 years we yet waste them.It is time that we should start conserving them before it gets too late. We should stop relying on our vehicles for short distances and rather walk or contact our neighbours and carpool when going to places such as school or supermarket. In the long run it will help us in 2 ways that being the conservation of these and lesser pollution. Deforestation is now common in most areas of the world. Trees are being chopped off for the construction of roads, buildings and furniture. We do not realise that we are actually removing the vaccum cleaners of the area. What benefit will these roads and buildings do if we are no longer alive due to the laxk of oxyen or too much pollution? Considering all the facts it is clear that saving these natural resources is a duty of all and needs global importance. Please start acting soon since no one is ready to face global changes without forests, fuel and clean water.

Self-Esteem Essay -- Self Image Self-Perception Theory Essays

As people’s outcomes in life depend heavily on how others perceive and evaluate them, they are motivated to convey certain impressions of themselves to others and to refrain from conveying other, undesired impressions. Thus, no matter what else they may be doing, people typically monitor and control their impressions, i.e. a process known as: self-presentation. A great deal of human behaviour is, in part, determined or constrained by people’s concerns with others’ impressions and evaluations of them. Because all human beings are different from one another, the thought process used which results in the self-presentation of a person will also differ from person to person. In this case the potential factor effecting the self-presentation of an individual is that of the self-esteem of the individual. Self–esteem being: â€Å" An affective component of the self, consisting of a persons’ positive and negative self-evaluations.† (Brehm, 1999). Although most people have high self-esteem, there are various ways in which self-esteem can be measured; for example when someone is referring to a persons condition at a specific moment in time it is referred to as a â€Å"state†. If the condition is something which is an average over a period of time it is known as a â€Å"trait†. Someone who has low self-esteem as a trait is considered to be worse off than a person who is in a state of low self-esteem. Low self esteem is though to have several side affects, both mental and physical which inevitably affect the self-presentation of a person. Low self esteem can lead onto other ailments of negativity such as: anxiety and depression. Once low self-esteem sets into a person it triggers off a self-defeating cycle in which negative expectations impair performance, which in turn reinforces low self-esteem. This cycle is known as: â€Å"The Vicious Cycle of Low Self-Esteem† (Brehm, 1999). On the contrary from people with low self-esteem, people with high self-esteem tend to have a much better quality of life and are happier within themselves, healthier, more productive and successful which all reflects on their self-presentation: â€Å"People high in self-esteem are confident and bring to new challenges a winning and motivating attitude. In contrast, people low in self-esteem lack confidence and bring to new tasks a losing attitude that traps them in a vicious, self def... ... role of a job candidate. In the third experiment, students instructed to be self-enhancing in an interview subsequently showed elevated self-esteem (unless their interview behaviour was prescribed by the experimenter and thus not self-referring). Students who were instructed to be self-deprecating subsequently showed lowered self-esteem if they had been given a clear choice as to whether to engage in the interview. It was concluded that self-perception theory can account for self-enhancing carry-over, whereas dissonance theory offers a more appropriate explanation for the carry-over or internalisation of self-deprecating actions. If the question were to be asked if self-esteem and self-presentation were related, then the answer to that question would undoubtedly be yes. It is interesting to explore the avenues down which the two go hand in hand, as there are many aspects of human behaviour which could be as a result of self-esteem. It is something that determines the quality of life for human-beings. One’s self-presentation is undoubtedly something that reflects, to the outside world, someone’s inner most feelings, be they happiness and contention or sadness and despair.

Marketing Quiz

University of the Southern Caribbean School of Business Principles of Marketing Take Home Assignment on Chapter 13-16 Name: __________________________________ ID_______________________DATE__________ Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions. Section 1. In the 1970s, Shipshewana was only a small town with a hardware store, a grain mill, a shoe store, a small restaurant, and a grocery store. Over the next two decades, the small town transformed into an international tourist attraction, attracting thousands of tourists who are intrigued with the lifestyle of Shipshewana's largest population the Amish.Ben and Mary Miller, having grown up within the Amish faith, decided to capitalize on their town's popularity and their woodworking skills. Their shop, Indiana Wood, began with a small display of handmade hickory rocking chairs, Ben Miller's specialty. But within a few months, the display at Indiana Wood included picnic tables, flower boxes, and small handmade novelty it ems. No other shop offers the same. Mary Miller decorated the shop's display room with authentic Amish decor and eventually hired three Amish friends to sew and embroider napkins and other textiles per customer request.In addition, two women from the Amish community sought permission from the Millers to display home-baked pastries and jellies on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, the town's busiest tourist days, when Shipshewana attracts swarms of visitors to its flea market on the south edge of town. â€Å"Shipshewana is full of specialty shops,† Mary Miller stated. â€Å"People don't come here to buy things made in China or Taiwan. They want real, Amish-made goods. † 1. Indiana Wood is best classified as a(n) ________ retailer. A) full-service B) self-service C) limited-service D) discount E) off-price 2.Which of the following is most critical to Indiana Wood's success? A) place B) price C) differentiation D) store atmosphere E) services mix 3. The Amish decor and shop workers give customers an authentic impression of the pride and skill built into the shop's products. These aspects also contribute to the store's ________. A) product assortment B) services mix C) atmosphere D) segmentations E) targeting 4. Which of the following would be the most logical way for Indiana Wood to expand? A) establishing an online presence B) pursuing retail convergence C) implementing RFID inventory trackingD) establishing a community-gathering environment in the store E) joining a producers' cooperative Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions. John Mayes opened Sparkle Janitorial in 1999. John began by acquiring two contracts for office cleaning services from two local manufacturing facilities. For two years, John and his wife, Barb, performed the cleaning services alone. After acquiring three additional cleaning contracts in 2001, John hired two employees. â€Å"Up to that point, we had room to grow but we really had no advertising plan,† Joh n stated. We were relying mostly on word-of-mouth. † By 2003, Barb hired another two full-time employees to begin Sparkle's new endeavor: carpet cleaning in homes and offices. â€Å"Competition was getting tough for both of our services at that point,† Barb added. â€Å"We ran a local radio spot three times each week. Then we had an advertiser print coupons on placemats. That gave us a little more exposure. † John and Barb Mayes admit that they never realized the value of a sound promotional plan before now. â€Å"We wish we would have put together something catchy with a jingle way before now,† they said. 5.Which of the following would be the LEAST effective way for John and Barb to reach new potential customers? A) word-of-mouth influence B) buzz marketing C) public relations D) network television advertising E) direct marketing 6. In a recent radio spot, John and Barb gave a quick explanation of Sparkle's cleaning process and a description of the value consumers receive for their money. This is an example of a(n) ________. A) emotional appeal B) standard appeal C) rational appeal D) moral appeal E) social appeal Most of the clientele at Second Avenue have learned about the store through word-of-mouth communication.This small retailer of quality second-hand children's clothing thrives on the sale of a vast inventory of children's clothing placed there on consignment. â€Å"Because small children grow so quickly,† Second Avenue's owner commented, â€Å"they often outgrow many of their clothes before they've hardly been worn! † Second Avenue provides a way for people to sell their children's clothing, earn a few dollars, and buy the next larger size. â€Å"We're extremely picky about the condition of the clothing we stock,† the owner stated, â€Å"but we sell most items at a 60 percent discount. 7. Which of the following media options would MOST benefit Second Avenue's promotional efforts given the store's limit ed budget? A) periodic advertising in a local newspaper B) daily advertisements on a local radio station C) weekly commercials during the local evening news D) a billboard placed on the interstate E) a link on the city's Chamber of Commerce Web site 8. Second Avenue wants to create a postcard to be sent to local families with young children. The postcard will include information about the store's typical inventory, store hours, and directions.Which of the following format elements can make the biggest difference in the success or failure of the direct mailing? A) copy B) headline C) illustration D) font E) color 9. The owner of Second Avenue wants to establish a community clothing drive to collect clothes for a local children's shelter. The owner will set up collection barrels outside Second Avenue. Which of the following public relations tools is the owner using? A) press relations B) product publicity C) lobbying D) development E) public affairs 10. At Finley's Fine Goods, members of the sales force and marketing epartment tend to have disagreements when things go wrong with a customer. The marketers blame the salespeople for poorly executing their strategies, while the salespeople blame the marketers for being out of touch with the customer. Which of the following steps should upper-level management at Finley's Fine Goods take to help bring the sales and marketing functions closer together? A) establish a customer sales force structure B) establish a complex sales force structure C) appoint a new sales force manager D) adopt a sales force automation system E) appoint a chief revenue officer 11. Ultra-Tech, Inc. as decided to switch to a customer sales force structure. Which of the following advantages is the company now LEAST likely to enjoy? A) The company can become more customer-focused. B) The company can better serve different industries. C) The company can build closer relationships with important customers. D) The company can better serve current cus tomers and find new customers. E) The company can expect salespeople to develop in-depth knowledge of numerous and complex product lines. 12. Johnson Business Solutions, Inc. , maintains one sales force for its copy machines and a separate sales force for its computer systems.Johnson Business Solutions utilizes a ________ structure. A) product sales force B) customer sales force C) territorial sales force D) a combination of B and C E) complex sales force 13. Morrill Motors splits the United States into 10 sales regions. Within each of those regions, the company maintains two sales teams? one for existing customers and one for prospects. What type of sales force structure does Morrill Motors use? A) territorial B) product C) customer D) complex E) workload 14. An IBM sales representative is giving a product demonstration to a Best Buy representative.Assisting with the demonstration are an engineer, a financial analyst, and an information systems specialist. If IBM wins the Best Buy account, then all four IBM representatives will service the Best Buy account. This is an example of ________. A) team selling B) territorial selling C) inside selling D) prospecting E) sales promoting 15. Sales have been slow recently at B & B Materials, so management has organized a training program to improve the performance of its sales force. Which of the following would most likely lead to improved sales for B & B Materials?A) tests to measure the analytic and organizational skills of the sales force B) information about the marketing strategies used by competitors C) tests to identify the personality traits of sales force members D) a time-and-duty analysis for each salesperson E) instructions on completing expense reports 16. The CEO of Comfy Carpet, Rick Hadley, was skeptical about Web-based training until his sales manager explained that online training is ________. A) time consuming and difficult to use B) used by all small companies C) dynamic and interactive D) cost comp etitive and efficientE) useful to customers 17. At Deck Decor, a manufacturer of outdoor furniture and accessories, the marketing and sales force objectives are to grow relationships with existing customers and to acquire new business. Which of the following compensation plans should management establish to encourage the sales force to pursue both of these objectives? A) straight salary B) straight commission C) salary plus bonus for new accounts D) commission plus bonus for new accounts E) salary plus commission plus bonus for new accounts 18. Mary Conti is sales manager for National Computer Training.She wants to evaluate the performance of her sales force that is responsible for the New England territory. Mary will most likely review all of the following in her evaluation EXCEPT ________. A) call plans B) sales reports C) call reports D) expense reports E) territorial sales and profit reports 19. The sales force of Conway Pools has qualified a number of leads. Which of the follow ing will most likely occur next? A) The outside sales force will call on all prospects. B) The outside sales force will close the deal with one of the prospects. C) The outside sales force will learn as much as possible about the prospects.D) The inside sales force will attend meetings with qualified prospects. E) The inside sales force will put together a presentation for the prospects. Section 2 1. The wheel-of-retailing concept deals mainly with wholesalers rolling out reduced service levels. 2. The life cycle of new retail forms is getting longer. 3. Unlike mass marketers, niche marketers expect to see continued growth in their online sales. 4. Retail convergence means greater competition for retailers and greater difficulty in differentiating offerings. 5. The number of retailers creating communities for their customers is declining. 6.Like retailers, a wholesaler must decide on segmentation and targeting, differentiation and positioning, and the marketing mix. 7. In an automat ed warehouse, orders are fed directly from the retailer's information system to the wholesaler's, and the items are picked up by mechanical devices and taken to a shipping platform 8. The distinction between large retailers and large wholesalers is becoming blurred. 9. Mass marketers can expect consumers to distinguish between commercial message sources to maintain a clear image of a company and its brands. 10. The integrated marketing concept ties together all of the company's messages and images. 1. Integrated marketing communications allows brand messages to be developed by different departments within an organization. 12. A marketing communications director has overall responsibility for the company's communications efforts. 13. The communications process should start with mass media advertising to reach many consumers. 14. The four major communication functions are encoding, decoding, response, and noise. 15. Encoding is the process by which the receiver assigns meaning to symb ols. 16. Decoding is the process of putting thought into symbolic form. 17. Awareness, knowledge, and preparation are buyer-readiness stages. 18.Teaser† advertising is most closely associated with the buyer-readiness stage of liking a product. 19. There are three types of appeal from which marketers may choose as they design their message content. These types are rational, emotional, and moral appeals. 20. The â€Å"Stop. Think. Tylenol. † ad is an example of a moral appeal. 21. Although television advertising is expensive for corporations, the cost per exposure is relatively low. 22. Direct mail is one of the least expensive media on a per exposure basis. 23. The communication effects of advertisements and ad campaigns are more difficult to measure than the sales and profit effects. 4. In small and large companies, advertising is typically handled by an individual or team in the sales department. 25. Today's advertising agencies are staffed with specialists who can oft en perform advertising tasks better than a producer or retailer's own employees can. 26. Recently, the increased use of online social networks and video sharing has reduced the need for advertising standardization for global brands. 27. Since China has lifted many of its international trade restrictions, corporations such as McDonalds and Coca- Cola now have only limited censorship rules governing their TV and radio advertising. 8. In an attempt to change the perception that milk was unhealthy, the National Fluid Milk Processors Education Program established an advertising campaign featuring celebrities with milk mustaches and the tag line â€Å"Got Milk? † 29. A company typically spends comparable budgets on public relations and advertising. 30. A company's Web site can be an important public relations vehicle. 31. What types of products may be sold through category killers? 32. What types of products do specialty stores carry? Give an example of a specialty store. 33. 34.De scribe the differences between chain stores and franchises. 35. Describe public relations and three of its main functions. 36. Identify four of the major media types and identify some of the strengths and weaknesses of each type. 37. Why do many companies invest in ongoing training for their salespeople? 38. Compare the four types of compensation plans available to salespeople. 39. Name and define the four major communication functions. 40. Explain how advertising may change as a product moves from the introductory stage to the growth stage of the product life cycle.

Food Addictions Essay

Food nourishes us and helps to create our bodies. However, certain substances that we eat as â€Å"food† can cause dysfunction within us and ultimately contribute to the destruction of our bodies. Although every seven years each cell in the body is completely new, we may still crave junk foods that seem to call to us with their sweet, salty, greasy temptations. It can be difficult to ignore theses naughty longings and make healthy choices about the good, more balanced nutrition that our bodies need. Why is it that we so easily give in to cravings for these sweet, savory, spicy junk foods—and soon after eating them, want more? This can be a challenging question, but is worth investigating. Along with the question of why do we like them so much is what can we do about it? The food group I am addicted to eating, yet later regret is sweets. In this paper I will discuss my cravings and how I can address them. The desire for sweets is unstoppable therefor my cravings never seem satisfied. Sweet foods and desserts saturate my taste buds with creamy, sugary, dainty, delicious, and overwhelming flavor. It could be the simple beauty and enticement of streusel cinnamon coating the top of fluffy donuts, muffins, and cakes which initiates the desire. Or it may be the hundreds of delicious, complicated layers that make up pastries, from tasty fruit-filled turnovers to chocolate ganache-filled croissants. My mouth waters over the thought of sensual custards, such as rich creme brulee. The delight of breaking the rigid layer of crystallized sugar with a spoon is like unwrapping a gift and reveals the silky smooth lavender vanilla bottom. Such tantalizing actions enrich the sensory consumption experience. The heady aroma and succulent taste only heighten the pleasure. Although my body feels expansive and â€Å"high† with the sugar and the rush of dopamine, I know that sugar has more negative, long-lasting physical and mental effects on my body than the temporary good feelings released from the sugar. When eating expansive foods, like ones that contain high doses of sugar, I almost experience a euphoric feeling. At the very least, an instant temporary satisfaction is a guaranteed. However, when taste buds are overwhelmed with intense sugary flavors, after the first few bites, they are unable to detect much else. Too much sugar actually desensitizes your taste buds. This is one of many costs of instant sugar gratification. Sweets interest me since they are something I don’t like to live without. Research tells us that sugar can be quite harmful in unnecessary amounts, yet it is my greatest addiction and driver of my desires. Due to this glaring contradiction, this addiction teaches me about myself, my cravings and temptations, my healthiness and my unhealthiness. Even after learning of the negative consequences of over-indulging in this habit, it is still often hard for me to moderate my behavior and make healthier food choices. This is what life is about: learning about yourself and the world around you, learning about your strengths and weaknesses, identifying the things you need to sacrifice for a better life and the importance of â€Å"quality over quantity† and â€Å"delayed gratification†. If I can overcome my cravings, by changing processed sugar for natural sweeteners, it will be my greatest accomplishment. For if I can change my own life and eating habits, I believe I can truly help other people in this world. Though sugars effects on my moods, body, and mind are revolutionary to me, unhealthy cravings are now a major focus in my culinary career. I plan to help educate people on health and wellness, how good nutrition can enrich lives.

bunker hill penis lovers essays

bunker hill penis lovers essays This is how the battle to be known as Bunker Hill began. On June 17, 1775 the Battle of Bunker Hill took place. It is one of the most important colonial victories in the U.S. War for Independence. Fought during the Siege of Boston, it was considerable encouragement to the revolutionary war. This battle made both sides realize that this was not going to be a matter decided on by one battle. The battle of Bunker Hill was not just an event that happened overnight. The battle was the result of struggle and hostility between Great Britain and the colonies for many years. Many of the feelings came as a result of British laws and restrictions placed on them. It would not be true to say that the battle was the beginning of the fight for independence. It is necessary to see that this was not a decision that occurred because of one fight, this had been going on for a long time.(Encyclopedia Britanica 1990) Two of the most notable injustices, as shown by the colonists, were the Stamp Act and the Intolerable Acts. The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament to raise money for repaying its war debt from the French and Indian War. The Act put a tax on printed matter of all kinds including newspapers, advertisements, playing cards, and legal documents. The British government was expecting protest as result of the tax but the level of protest they received. The colonists were so angry because they had no voice in Parliament which passed the law, then came the famous cry, "No taxation without representation!(Here's to the Losers: page 1) The colonists would protest these laws with the Boston Tea Party. The British responded to this open act of rebellion by making the Intolerable Acts, four laws designed to punish Boston and the rest of Massachusetts while strengthening British control over all the colonies. These were not the only incidents that caused confusion to exist between the two countries. There had been fighting between ...

From the perspective of an Operations Manager, present a case to the Dissertation

From the perspective of an Operations Manager, present a case to the board of directors for adoption of a formal risk management - Dissertation Example Man-made risks and natural risks are some of the risks in organisations today. According to various definitions, risk management is about events that are still forthcoming. These events may create risks and uncertainties because of many factors and causes. Moreover, the events have to be identified so that risk management can be applied. This is a challenge on the part of risk managers to ascertain and identify the risks and more importantly the causes of these risks. If they are identified, plans and strategies should immediately be applied. Risks can cause a loss or damage in case of a physical structure. Loss, which occurs after an event, can occur on tangible and intangible assets. In the literature review and subsequent discussion, a theory is presented on the linkage between operational risks and knowledge management. First, we presented what operational risks are and then discussed about knowledge management. The subsequent discussion on the link between these two led us to co nclude that risks can be identified and managed adequately through knowledge management. What follows is an interesting discussion about how risks can be reduced – or eliminated – through knowledge management practices. ... Another risk management topic discussed is the subject of information technology and the risks involved. As we know, technology and the internet have influenced our lives today especially the running and operations of businesses and organisations. Information systems and the information revolution have created more risks and uncertainties in organisations and the workplace. IT infrastructures are targets of attacks by cyber criminals and terrorists. This is another phase in the formulation of programs and strategies for risk management. Risk management in the protection of information technology infrastructure is a part of operational risk management. This and among the many topics on risk management have been provided significant spacefor discussion in this paper. 1. Introduction Countless risks occur in the world of the living. In earlier times, people encountered and dealt with risks the way they dealt with nature. They managed risks through instincts of self preservation and expe rience. As time went by and as humans invented many things in the so-called survival-of-the-fittest, risks multiplied. Risks became ordinary part of human activities during the advent of the industrial revolution and as businesses and corporations grew. In factories and construction sites, necessary measures should be undertaken to avoid risks. Risks can cause accidents and can also be detrimental to the health of workers. Firms cannot be hundred percent sure of profits but they can be sure to stay in business for as long as they know how to analyse and deal with risks. Unexpected things should not have the chance to block organisation’s business activities. The job of the risk manager

Essay to be edited Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

To be edited - Essay Example That is why this was the subject that I had taken the most notes. The particular guest on this topic began by talking about the starting point of the Arab spring: Tunisia. He believed that the actions of the Tunisian people came from the poor economic conditions in the country at that time. This was a point that I could really agree on because it matched my own personal views. In addition, the speaker explained about the root cause of the political problems in Tunisia—the election trouble from the 2005 election. After that time, the political pressure increased slowly. The next topic was about what had happened in Egypt. The speaker commented that what made people really organized was social network sites such as Facebook and Twitter. In addition, blogs provided an outlet where people could discuss their troubles and organize the protest against the government. Their motivation came from the poor economic conditions in conjunction with the political uncertainty, which was similar to what had happened in Tunisia. However, he also mentioned a really important point about Islamic organizations. He made the point that many Islamic organizations in Egypt were really concerned about the street protests that took place. In my own view, this is true because, as we know after the government of Hosni Mubarak, the Islamic Brotherhood won the election! This explains why they were so concerned about the protests. Lastly, he mentioned that the Arab Spring movement has had a huge effect on Arab

The UK No-Frills Airline Market Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The UK No-Frills Airline Market - Case Study Example The entry of new companies in the market is one of the factors that greatly affect the competitiveness of companies in the sector since the new companies come with strategies to win customers into their company. Some other factors that affect the competition in the market are the bargaining power of the suppliers, the bargaining power of the consumers, the bargaining power of the competitors and the presence of substitutes in the market. This paper seeks to analyze competition in the no-frills airline market and also compare it with the condition that was there about forty or fifty years ago. The issue of price discrimination and outsourcing is also discussed in the paper. One of the factors that have brought great competition in the no-frills airline market is the entry of new competitors in the market (Krishna & Eric 2003: p.49). The moment new companies join a market; they have the intention of winning some customers so that they can have a share in the market. They also come with new capacities in the market thus challenging the companies which are already in the market. They also come with a desire to gain some substantial resources in the market. The companies are willing to do anything to meet their goals. However, these companies are likely to be affected by the barriers that are present where these barriers are usually high meaning that entry into the market would mean that the company has to sell at a higher price so as to recover its expenses. This gives the existing companies a competitive advantage over these new companies making it quite hard for these companies to survive in the environment. The reaction of the airline companies that are already in the market also matters a lot. If the present companies collude so as to eliminate a new company, it is very easy because these companies have been in the market for quite some time. Most of the companies will always be willing to eliminate these new companies and will do this by colluding with the other companies in the no-frills airline market.     

The Future of the Spanish Language in the Unted States Essay

The Future of the Spanish Language in the Unted States - Essay Example Surveys have showed that nearly all US Spanish speakers are indeed Hispanic and this population is increasing at a tremendous rate within the United States. It was in the year 1989 that the Hispanic populace was around 20.1 million within the country which was in essence a 39 percent increase to the figure that was calculated in 1980 Census, at 14.5 million. The rate at which the US population increased during this period was estimated at 9.5 percent but the Hispanic population grew at 7.5 percent. Some studies suggest that Hispanic immigrants who move towards the United States in the wake of seeking better opportunities in life do not make an effort to learn English. They rather focus on their own language – a fact that both works to their advantage and disadvantage at the same time. (Estrada, 1988) The benefiting aspect is that they remain in constant touch with what is happening back home and they can move out and gain acceptance within their own society. The limitation of not learning English is that since English is a universal language, they must out on similar opportunities to gain jobs and the like within United States. One important pointer for consideration lies in the fact that Spanish language is taken up by a teenager if his/her parents force him/her to take up the language within the realms of the United States. Since the young ones have been born and bred within the States itself, they do not feel the inclination to learn Spanish and thus do a great disservice to their own language. They are more inclined to find out more or just have a somewhat easy understanding of the English language as it facilitates them in their day to day tasks and activities. (Garcia, 1983)

Discuss The Contention That Conflict And Dispute Are Inevitable

Discuss The Contention That Conflict And Dispute Are Inevitable INTRODUCTION Conflicts as well as Dispute are for sure inevitable in most of the commercial projects whether big or small. To be precise, Conflict and Dispute is always there, not only in commercial projects but are a part of our daily life. There is always a conflict going on; on as big as on an international level like ongoing dispute between Israel and Palestine to small issues like a husband and wife having a confrontation as where to go out for dinner. Conflict in simple words can be defined as a disagreement over a situation between two or more parties/individuals where they have there own vested interests. Conflict is short termed and is easy to resolve, while on the other hand, dispute is when it becomes deep-rooted and none of the parties seems to be able to reach an agreement. Conflict can be resolved easily while on the other hand there is a need for a third party intervention to resolve a dispute, which itself is time-consuming, expensive and unpleasant. In other words, we can say that conflict can be managed, but to an extent of preventing it. If not, it leads to dispute. CLASSIFICATION OF CONFLICT Conflict can further be classified as Functional and Dysfunctional, depending on the outcome. Earlier, scholars believed that conflict is a bad thing and should be avoided at all costs, but this was contradicted by Mary Parker Follett (1925), who coined the idea that effective conflict management ought not to conceive conflict as a wasteful outbreak of incompatibilities, but a normal process whereby socially valuable differences register themselves for the enrichment for all concerned. Functional Conflict: It works towards the goal of a project. Mary Parker Follett (1925) called it Constructive Conflict, which increases the information and ideas, encourage innovative thinking, unshackles different point of views and reduces stagnation at any stage of the project. Dysfunctional Conflict: It is destructive in nature and blocks the project from reaching the goal. It brings tension, anxiety and stress for everyone involved. It drives out low conflict tolerant people form the project and reduces the trust for everyone involved, resulting in poor decision making arising due to withheld or distorted information and diversion of resources on the conflict rather than the project. Conflict, in general, can be dealt with by following three methods: Lose-Lose method In this, each side gives up some of its interests. This is done by Avoidance by staying away from the problem or withdrawing but it is not a permanent solution. The other option is Compromise which is done by bargaining and negotiating, in which each side looses something. Win-Lose method Also known as domination, in which there is a victory of one side over other and is done by Dominance where one party overwhelms the other party. Authoritative Command is another aspect where the person with authority rules in favor of one party. Win Win Method: Also known as Integration where each side refocuses there efforts so that neither side loses anything and in fact gains. This is done by finding the root causes of the problem, due to which conflict has arisen and then try to meet the interests of all the parties which in the end leaves everyone happy. TYPES AND LEVELS OF CONFLICT Intra-organization Conflict: As the name suggests, conflicts that occur within an organization, at the interfaces of organizational functions. It can occur along the vertical and horizontal hierarchy of the organizations i.e. between the managers and subordinates or between different departments and workgroups. Intra-group Conflict: It is between the members of a group, and is usually due to ways of doing the tasks or achieving goals. Inter-personal Conflict: It is between two or more people due to differences in opinions and views. This may also be due to differences in orientation to work and time in different parts of an organization. Intra-personal Conflict: It is more of a psychological issue. It occurs within an individual, when a person feels threatened to ones values, has a feeling of unfair treatment. Inter-organizational Conflict: It is between two or more organizations, when they are working together, especially on a project. It is not related to competition. Typical example can be that of a conflict between a supplier and distributor. CONFLICT AND DISPUTES ARE INEVITABLE Conflict and Disputes as mentioned are an unavoidable part of any commercial project by the virtue of the nature of the project. Any commercial project involves a variety of transactions as well as relationships on a local, national as well as international level. Due to the complexity of a commercial project involving client, consultant, contractors, subcontractors and suppliers it becomes inevitable. There can be a number of issues for ambiguity between different parties like project delays, change in scope of work, payment issues, design issues, change in specifications, administrative problems, personal damages, inflation etc to name a few. Managers have to build up, nurture and maintain a network of relationships to make there projects a success. Project Delays: Time management is very crucial for any commercial project. All the activities in a project are lined up one after another and are interlinked. Any kind of delay in this causes the whole project to be delayed, affecting the cash-flow as well as ruining the relationship of all the involved. In many cases financial losses are also incurred by those involved due to delay caused by one of the involved. For example, project handing over got delayed due to delay caused by one sub contractor, and for which the main contractor gets penalized. This penalty he will try to distribute evenly between all his sub contractors, which in turn will not be accepted by those who have finished there scope of work on time, hence leading to conflict. Change in Scope/Specifications: Once everything had been finalized, any change in the scope of work or change in specifications can have a direct impact on the financial as well as the lead time of the project, which can result in the conflict between the parties involved. For example for a project, contractor has already procured some material, or has outsourced a particular job, but when asked to incorporate those changes by the client/consultant, he suffers a financial loss or he has to change the supplier with whom he has placed the order to meet the required specifications. Payments: Conflict can arise due to delay in payments either by one of the parties involved in the project, due to financial crunch or because there has been some delay or there is some defective performance in terms of quality by the other. Whatever the case maybe, it disrupts the cash-flow whole project, affecting parties involved e.g. If a contractor doesnt pays to a sub-contractor, he in turn cannot make the payments to his suppliers as well as employees and defaults, which directly affects the progress of the project leading to conflict between the sub-contractor and the contractor. Administrative Problems: It is another issue for conflict arising due to mismanagement or lack of coordination between different agencies involved, which lead to project delays, cost over-run which in turn results in loss for the project. For example, in a project, scope of work of two sub-contractors is interdependent. If there is no coordination between them, it will result in unnecessary delay for the project. Conclusion: The above mentioned are a few aspects of conflict which are common in any commercial project, whether its a construction, development or an IT project. From here we can infer that conflict is a set of inter-related elements namely: parties, issues, dynamics and context. Since it is very difficult in any commercial project, involving large number of players, to maintain a balance between all these elements, conflict becomes inevitable. Conflict if taken in a positive note, and if resolved appropriately, can leads towards betterment and successful delivery of a project. If not they lead towards dispute which itself is unpleasant, diverts valuable resources from the overall aim, is time consuming, costly and destroys the relationship between those involved which may have taken years to develop. Dispute at all cost should be avoided and should be resolved still when its at a level of conflict. DISPUTE RESOLUTION TECHNIQUES IN A COMMERCIAL CONTRACT In any commercial project, there is always discrepancy/disagreement regarding the scope of work, deadlines, etc which leads to conflicts and when they get out of hand, leads to Dispute. Disputes in general, in a commercial contract are addressed to by the following three methods: Negotiation Mediation Arbitration Negotiation is a tool by which we deal with our differences. These differences may be over the price of everyday grocery, or an automobile or a labor contract or maybe an alliance between the two companies. In general as per the academicians and theorists, there are two types of negotiation theories namely Positional Negotiation and Principled Negotiation. While in positional negotiation, negotiation is done in such a way that the other party looses its faith in its own case and submits to the first demands of the first party, in Principled negotiation, a softer approach is taken to reach a solution. It is based on the following principles: Separate people from Problem, Focus on interests, not positions and Invent options for Mutual Gains. Mediation on the other hand gets the involvement of a third party (neutral) to resolve the outstanding issues and helps them to reach an agreement. Unlike negotiation, it is somewhat semi-formal, with the outcome may or may not be binding to the parties, as per the agreement. In case of Arbitration, it is a formal, private form of an Alternate Dispute Resolution. Here the disputed parties refer to one or more persons (arbitrator or an arbitrator tribunal), who in turn reviews the facts and gives the decision which is legally binding on both the parties. The major difference between Mediation and Arbitration is that mediator always tries to reach a compromise while an arbitrator gives decision which is lawfully binding to both the parties. While Negotiation is very common and is used frequently as compared to Mediation and Arbitration, Mediation is the fastest means to as compared to the other two options. The cost incurred is solving the dispute is highest in Arbitration but depends on number of factors, but still, as compared to Mediation and Negotiation. While Arbitration is recognized by common law and the decision made by an arbitrator will uphold in court of law, this is not true in case of Mediation and Negotiation, but depends on the mutual agreement of the disputing parties. However, if agreed beforehand, the agreement reached via Mediation can also be binding for all the parties involved. Apart from these, Litigation is another dispute resolving technique, to which the disputing parties can resort to. This is a formal process in which the case of the disputing parties is taken to the court and the proceedings are held in public. Compared to Negotiation, Mediation and Arbitration, Litigation is a Slow, time consuming and a very expensive process, where the trials are held in public and there is no scope for confidentiality. THE POTENTIAL USE OF PRINCIPLED NEGOTIATION IN THE INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Negotiation is a tool used by means of a dialogue between the two or more parties to resolve issues, bargain or to satisfy ones vested interests which can be broadly classified into needs, aspirations, fears and desires. Negotiation is classified into two types: Positional Negotiation Principled Negotiation Principled Negotiation is a relatively new phenomenon, which was coined in late 70s by Fisher and Ury. They gave four basic principles for the Principled Negotiation which are as under-. Separate people from the Problem Focus in interests and not problems Invent options for mutual gains Select among options by using objective criteria Charles G. Fields has described Principled Negotiation as a 7 elements framework namely Interests, Options, Legitimacy, Communications, Relationships, Commitments and Alternatives. INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND PRINCIPLED NEGOTIATION After agriculture, construction sector is the largest industry in India. India being a developing country and estimated to become the third largest economy by 2025, and with an economic growth rate of almost 7%, there is a huge demand for the infrastructure and construction projects. Every year, Billions of US$ are spent, both by public and private sector on construction and infrastructure protects. As the construction market is growing by leaps and bounds, so as the conflict and dispute, which then go to the court of law (litigation) to be resolved. The judicial framework of India moves at a very slow pace and is very expensive, and hence there is a need for an alternative. Principled Negotiation, on the other hand is much less time consuming and expensive as compared to litigation and also the relationships between the parties are also not destroyed and consequently the disputing parties reach to a satisfactory agreement. Due to this, not only Principle Negotiation technique but Alternate Dispute Resolution Techniques have a good potential in India. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: Conflict [online], available: http://webhome.idirect.com/~kehamilt/ipsyconf.html [accessed 10 September 2009] Gray, C. and Larson, E (2008) Project Management: The Managerial Process, 4th ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill. Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991) Getting to Yes: Negotiating an Agreement without giving in, Second Edition, Century Business, London. Fenn, P and Gameson, R (Eds) (1992), Construction Conflict: Management and Resolutions, Chapman Hall, London Trust and conflict within virtual inter-organizational alliances: a framework for facilitating knowledge sharing [online], available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V8S-4CDJKMV-2_user=121749_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1111593104_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000024058_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=121749md5=5bf1d2dde69eccc5b0f0becb1595c3f9 [accessed 12 September 2009] Rahim, M. Afzalur , Toward a Theory of Managing Organizational Conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2002. [online] Available: http://ssrn.com/abstract=437684 [accessed 12 November 2009] Fernandez Jimenez de Cisneros, Inmaculada, Dorado, Miguel à ., Martinez, Ines, Medina, Francisco J. and Munduate Jaca, Lourdes, Types of Conflict and Personal and Organizational Consequences. IACM 15th Annual Conference. [online] Available: http://ssrn.com/abstract=305068 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.305068 [accessed 12 November 2009]